Horticultural Science & Technology (원예과학기술지)

Korean Society of Horticultural Science (한국원예학회)
권호 표지

Growth Regulators Prolong Bract Longevity of Potted Bougainvillea

  • Liu, Fang-Yin (Department of Horticulture, National Taiwan University) ;
  • Chang, Yu-Sen (Department of Horticulture, National Taiwan University)
  • Received : 2011.04.04
  • Accepted : 2011.05.31
  • Published : 2011.08.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

When bougainvilleas are subjected to indoor low-light conditions, flower bracts regularly abscise. This study elucidates the effects of plant growth regulators on bract longevity of potted bougainvillea. Potted 'Taipei Red' bougainvillea in four different bract development stages were treated with 1-MCP (1-methylcyclopropene), NAA (1-naphthaleneacetic acid), SNA (sodium salt of naphthaleneacetic acid), IBA (indolebutyric acid), BA (6-benzylaminopurine), $KH_2PO_4$ (potassium dihydrogen phosphate), Put (diamine putrescine), SA (salicylic acid), or STS (silver thiosulfate) and were moved to indoor low-light conditions after treatments. Experimental results indicate that 1-MCP, NAA, SNA, BA, Put, and SA prolonged bract longevity, and this effect increased as bract stage increased. The effect of STS was significant in early bract stages and decreased as bract stages increased. Additionally, 1-MCP, NAA, SNA, BA, Put, SA, and STS treatment significantly reduced endogenous ACC (1-aminocyclopropene-1-carboxylate) content and ACC oxidase activity, suggesting that the inhibition of ethylene production was achieved via physiological metabolism. However, treatment with IBA or $KH_2PO_4$ had no effect on the bract longevity at any stage. In the combined chemical treatments, NAA + STS or NAA + SA were effectively for prolonging bract longevity and contained less protein or chlorophyll degradation, decrease ACC oxidase or ethylene production than the control. In conclusion, we propose that combined chemical treatment significantly prolonged the bract longevity and more effectively than single chemical treatment at any stage.

Keywords

References

  1. Abebie, B., A. Lers, S. Philosoph-Hadas, R. Goren, J. Rioc, and S. Meir. 2008. Differential effects of NAA (Cestrum elegans) cut flowers are associated with their differential activation of Aux/IAA homologous genes. Ann. Bot. 101:249-259.
  2. Abeles, F.B. and B. Rubinstein. 1964. Regulation of ethylene evolution and leaf abscission by auxin. Plant Physiol. 39:963-969. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.39.6.963
  3. Allard, H.A. 1935. Response of the woody plants Hibiscus syriacus, Malvavicus conzatti and Bougainvillea glabra to day length. J. Agric. Res. 51:27-34.
  4. Alvarez, I., M.L. Tomaro, and M.P. Benavides. 2003. Changes in polyamines, proline and ethylene in sunflower calluses treated with NaCl. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Cult. 74:51-59. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023302012208
  5. Batjer, L.P. and P.C. Marth. 1945. New materials for delaying fruit abscission of apple. Science 101:363-364. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.101.2623.363
  6. Bradford, M.M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye-binding. Anal. Biochem. 72:248-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
  7. Cameron, A.C. and M.S. Reid. 1981. The use of silver thiosulfate anionic complex as a foliar spray to prevent flower abscission of Zygocactus. HortScience 16:761-762.
  8. Cameron, A.C. and M.S. Reid. 2001. 1-MCP blocks ethyleneinduced petal abscission of Pelargonium peltatum but the effect is transient. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 22:169-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00189-7
  9. Chang, Y.S. and H.C. Chen. 2001. Variability between silver thiosulfate and 1-naphthaleneacetic acid applications in prolonging bract longevity of potted bougainvillea. Sci. Hort. 87:217-224. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4238(00)00179-5
  10. Cherian, K.A., S. Beena, and S. Padiyath. 2004. Flower blight of Bougainvillea glabra Choisy. J. Mycol. Plant Pathol. 34:160-161.
  11. Cin, V.D., M. Danesin, A. Botton, A. Boschetti, A. Dorigoni, and A. Ramina. 2008. Ethylene and preharvest drop: the effect of AVG and NAA on fruit abscission in apple (Malus domestica L. Borkh). Plant Growth Regul. 56:317-325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10725-008-9312-5
  12. Coenen, C., M. Christian, H. Luthern, and T.L. Lomax. 2003. Cytokinin inhibits a subset of diageotropica-dependent primary auxin responses in tomato. Plant Physiol. 131:1692-1704. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.102.016196
  13. Criley, R.A. 1977. Year around flowering of double Bougainvillea: effect of daylength and growth retardants. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 102:775-778.
  14. Custodia, M.L.G., J.A. Monteiro, and M.H. Rodrigues. 2001. Bougainvillea post-production: NAA and STS control of bract abscission is subject exogenous ethylene. Acta Hort. 543:47-51.
  15. Ella, L., A. Zion, A. Nehemia, and L. Amnon. 2003. Effect of the ethylene action inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene on parsley leaf senescence and ethylene biosynthesis. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 30:67-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(03)00080-2
  16. Ercisli1, S., A. Esitken1, R. Cangi, and F. Sahin. 2003. Adventitious root formation of kiwifruit in relation to sampling date, IBA and Agrobacterium rubi inoculation. Plant Growth. Regul. 41:133-137. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1027307720934
  17. Eu, J. and B.Y. Lee. 2009. Effects of ethylene, abscisic acid and auxin on fruit abscission in water dropwort (Oenanthe stolonifera DC.). Sci. Hort. 123:224-227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2009.08.011
  18. Evans, P.T. and R.L. Malmberg. 1989. Do polyamines have role in plant development? Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 40:235-269. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.40.060189.001315
  19. Fabbroni, C., F. Costa, A.M. Bregoli, and G. Costa. 2007. Effect of auxin on fruit morphogenesis: physiological and molecular aspects in kiwifruit ripening. Acta Hort. 753:541-548.
  20. Gago, C.M.L., J.A. Monteiro, and M.H. Rodrigues. 2001. Bougainvillea postproduction: NAA and STS control of bract abscission is subject to exogenous ethylene. Acta Hort. 543:47-51.
  21. Hackett, W.P. and R.M. Sachs. 1966. Flowering in Bougainvilllea 'San Diego Red'. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 88:606-612.
  22. Hackett, W.P. and R.M. Sachs. 1967. Chemical control of flowering in Bougainvilllea 'San Diego Red'. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 90:361-364.
  23. Hackett, W.P. and R.M. Sachs. 1968. Experimental separation of inflorescence development from initiation in Bougainvillea. Proc. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 92:615-621.
  24. Hackett, W.P., R.M. Sachs, and J. DeBie. 1972. Growing bougainvillea as a flowering pot plant. Calif. Agric. 26:12-13.
  25. Halevy, A.H. and A.M. Kofranek. 1976. The prevention of flower bud and leaf abscission in pot roses during simulated transport. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 101:658-660.
  26. Harbage, J.F. and D.P. Stimart. 1996. Ethylene does not promote adventitious root initiation on apple microcuttings. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 121:880-885.
  27. Henrard, G. 1976. Automatic irrigation by the Chapin system. Its application to pot plant culture of Bougainvillea glabra, Euphorbia pulcherrima and Stephanotis floribunda. Bul. Recherches Agronomiques Gembloux 11:135-148.
  28. Husen, A. and M. Pal. 2007. Effect of branch position and auxin treatment on clonal propagation of Tectona grandis Linn. f. New Forests 34:223-233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11056-007-9050-y
  29. Ishiki, Y., A. Oda, Y. Yaegashi, Y. Orihara, T. Arai, T. Hirabayashi, H. Nakagawa, and T. Sato. 2000. Cloning of an auxin-responsive 1-amonocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene (CMe-ACS 2) from melon and the expression of ACS genes in etiolated melon seedlings and melon fruits. Plant Sci. 159:173-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(00)00298-3
  30. Khan, A.S. and Z. Singh. 2007. 1-MCP regulates ethylene biosynthesis and fruit softening during ripening of 'Tegan Blue' plum. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 43:298-306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2006.10.005
  31. Kim, J.H. and W.B. Miller. 2009. $GA_{4+7}$ plus BA enhance postproduction quality in pot tulips. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 51:272-277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2008.07.002
  32. Kim, J.H., W.T. Kim, and B.G. Kang. 2001. IAA and N6-benzyladenine inhibit ethylene-regulated expression of ACC oxidase and ACC synthase genes in mungbean hypocotyls. Plant Cell Physiol. 42:1056-1061. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pce133
  33. Koike, Y. and H. Imanishi. 2009. Effects of silver thiosulfate complex (STS), sucrose, surfactant and their combination on the vase life of cut flower of Lathyrus latifolius L. Acta Hort. 813:679-684.
  34. Kondo, S., S. Meemak, Y. Ban, T. Moriguchic, and T. Harada. 2009. Effects of auxin and jasmonates on 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase and ACC oxidase gene expression during ripening of apple fruit. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 51:281-284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2008.07.012
  35. Kumar, M.A. and Y.N. Reddy. 2008. Preliminary investigations on the effect of foliar spray of chemicals on flowering and fruiting characters of mango cv. Baneshan. Indian J. Agri. Res. 42:3.
  36. Lee, M.M., S.H. Lee, and K.Y. Park. 1997. Effects of spermine on ethylene biosynthesis in cut carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers during senescence. J. Plant Physiol. 151:68-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-1617(97)80038-7
  37. Leslie, C.A. and R.J. Romani. 1986. Salicylic acid: A new inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis. Plant Cell Rep. 5:144-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00269255
  38. Li, J. and R. Yuan. 2008. NAA and ethylene regulate expression of genes related to ethylene biosynthesis, perception, and cell wall degradation during fruit abscission and ripening in 'Delicious' apples. J. Plant Growth Regul. 27:283-295. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-008-9055-6
  39. Liu, J.H., C. Honda, and T. Moriguchi. 2006. Involvement of polyamine in floral and fruit development. JARQ 40:51-58.
  40. Lizada, M. and S.F. Yang. 1979. A simple and sensitive assay for l-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid. Anal. Biochem. 100:140-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(79)90123-4
  41. Mathooko, F.M., Y. Tsunashima, W.Z.O. Owino, Y. Kubo, and A. Inaba. 2001. Regulation of genes encoding ethylene biosynthetic enzymes in peach (Prunus persica L.) fruit by carbon dioxide and 1-methylcyclopropene. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 21:265-281. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(00)00158-7
  42. McArtney, S.J. 2002. Ethylene evolution from detached apple spurs in response to chemical thinners. HortScience 37:662-665.
  43. Mekhedov, S.L. and H. Kende. 1996. Submergence enhances expression of a gene encoding 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase in deepwater rice. Plant Cell Physiol. 37:531-534. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a028976
  44. Mor, Y., H. Spiegelstein, and A.H. Halevy. 1983. Inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis on carnation petals by cytokinin. Plant Physiol. 71:541-546. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.71.3.541
  45. Murphy, A. 2002. Auxin: The growth hormone, p. 423-460. In L. Taiz and E. Zeiger (eds). Plant Physiology, 3rd ed. Sinauer associates, Sunderlands, MA.
  46. Norcini, J.G. 1993. How to grow a great Bougainvillea. Grower Talks 62:62-64.
  47. Norcini, J.G. and J.H. Aldrich. 1994. Flowering response of Bougainvillea cultivars to dikegulac. HortScience 29:282-284.
  48. Ozelbaykal, S. and O. Gezerel. 2005. The Effects of the different doses of IBA (indolbutric acid) on the rooting performances in the reproduction of 'Gemlik' and 'Domat' olive trees by using green twig procedure in the ecology of cukurova region. J. Cent. Eur. Agric. 6:481-484.
  49. Pathak, N., H.A. Mehar, P. Dhawan, M.K. Srivastava, and P. Nath. 2003. Expression and activities of ethylene biosynthesis enzymes during ripening of banana fruits and effect of 1-MCP treatment. Plant Growth Regul. 40:11-19. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023040812205
  50. Philosoph-Hadas, S., R. Michaeli, Y. Reuveni, and S. Meir. 1996. Benzyladenine pulsing retarts leaf yellowing and improves quality of goldenrod (Solidago Canadensis) cut flowers. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 9:65-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-5214(96)00023-3
  51. Rasori, A., B. Bertolasi, A. Furini, C. Bonghi, P. Tonutti, and A. Ramina. 2003. Functional analysis of peach ACC oxidase promoters in transgenic tomato and in ripening peach fruit. Plant Sci. 165:523-530. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-9452(03)00211-5
  52. Richard, N.A. 1949. Influence of IAA, NAA and 2,4-D on ethylene production by potato discs (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Red Pontiac). Amer. J. Potato Res. 59:267-274.
  53. Saifuddin, M., A.B.M.S. Hossain, N. Osman, A.N. Boyce, and K.M. Moneruzzaman. 2009. The effects of naphthaleneacetic acid and gibberellic acid in prolonging bract longevity and delaying discoloration of Bougainvillea spectabitis. Biotechnol. 8:343-350. https://doi.org/10.3923/biotech.2009.343.350
  54. Serek, M., E.C. Sisler, and M.S. Reid. 1994. Novel gaseuous ethylene binding inhibitor prevents ethylene effects in potted flowering plants. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 119:1230-1233.
  55. Serek, M., M.S. Reid, T. Tirosh, and S. Mayak. 1995. 1-Methlcyclopropene prevents bud, flower and leaf abscission of Geraldton Waxflower. HortScience 30:1310.
  56. Tanase, K., K. Tokuhiro, M. Amano, and K. Ichimura. 2009. Ethylene sensitivity and changes in ethylene production during senescence in long-lived Delphinium flowers without sepal abscission. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 52:310-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2008.12.002
  57. Ucler, A.O., S. Parlak, and Z. Yucesan. 2004. Effects of IBA and cutting dates on the rooting ability of semi-hardwood kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa A.Chev.) cuttings. Turk J. Agric. 28:195-201.
  58. Uthaichay, N., S. Ketsa, and W.G. van Doorn. 2007. 1-MCP pretreatment prevents bud and flower abscission in Dendrobium orchids. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 43:374-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2006.09.015
  59. Ververdis, P. and P. John. 1991. Complete recovery in vitro of ethylene-forming enzyme activity. Phytochem. 30:725-727. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85241-Q
  60. Wien, H.C. and A.D. Turner. 1989. Hormonal basis for low light intensity-induced flower bud abscission of pepper. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 114:981-985.
  61. Wien, H.C. and Y. Zhang. 1991. Prevention of flower abscission in bell pepper. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 116:516-519.
  62. Wintermans, J.F.G.M. and A. De Mots. 1965. Spectrophotometric characteristics of chlorophylls a and b and their pheophytins in ethanol. Biochimica Biophysica Acta 109:448-453. https://doi.org/10.1016/0926-6585(65)90170-6
  63. Yuan, R. and D.H. Carbaugh. 2007. Effects of NAA, AVG, and 1-MCP on ethylene biosynthesis, preharvest fruit drop, fruit maturity, and quality of 'Golden Supreme' and 'Golden Delicious' apples. HortScience 42:101-105.
  64. Zhang, Y., K. Chan, S. Zhang, and I. Ferguson. 2003. The role of salicylic acid in postharvest ripening of kiwifruit. Postharv. Biol. Technol. 28:67-74. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-5214(02)00172-2