Microstructure Analysis of Rabbit and Chicken Femurs by Light Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy

광학현미경과 투과전자현미경을 이용한 토끼와 닭 대퇴골의 미세구조 분석

  • Kim, Chang-Yeon (Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Kim, Eun-Kyung (Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Jeon, Tae-Hoon (Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Nam, Seung-Won (Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University) ;
  • Kim, Youn-Joong (Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University)
  • 김창연 (충남대학교 분석과학기술대학원) ;
  • 김은경 (충남대학교 분석과학기술대학원) ;
  • 전태훈 (충남대학교 분석과학기술대학원) ;
  • 남승원 (충남대학교 생명과학과) ;
  • 김윤중 (충남대학교 분석과학기술대학원)
  • Received : 2010.08.28
  • Accepted : 2010.09.28
  • Published : 2010.09.30

Abstract

Bone is a hierarchically structured composite material which has been well studied by the materials engineering community because of its unique structure and mechanical properties. Bone is a laminated organic-inorganic composite composed of primarily hydroxyapatite, collagen and water. The main mineral that gives bone's hardness is calcium phosphate, which is also known as hydroxyapatite. Light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to study the structure of femurs from chicken and rabbit. The elemental analysis was used to search variation in the distribution of calcium, potassium and oxygen in the femur. Current investigation focused on two structural scales: micro scale (arrangement of compact bone) and nano scale (collagen fibril and apatite crystals). At micro scale, distinct difference was found in microstructures of chicken femur and rabbit femur. At nano scale, we analyzed the shape and size of apatite crystals and the arrangement of collagen fibril. Consequently, femurs of chicken and rabbit had very similar chemical property and structures at nano scale despite of their different species.

뼈는 단계별 (hierarchical) 구조를 가진 복합 재료이며 독특한 구조와 기계적 특성 때문에 재료공학 분야에서 많이 연구되어져 왔다. 뼈는 주로 hydroxyapatite, 콜라겐과 물로 구성된 층판형 유 무기 재료 복합체이다. 주요 무기물로써 hydroxyapatite로 잘 알려진 calcium phosphate를 통하여 뼈는 특유의 강도를 유지하게 된다. 본 실험에서는 광학 현미경(LM)과 투과전자현미경(TEM)을 이용하여 토끼와 닭 대퇴골의 구조를 연구하였다. 구성물질 분석은 대퇴골의 calcium, potassium, oxygen 분포 변화를 알아보는데 이용하였다. 실험은 두 구조 범위에 중점을 두었다: micro scale에서 치밀골의 배열을, nano scale에서 콜라겐 섬유와 apatite 결정을 관찰하였다. Micro scale에서 닭과 토끼 대퇴골 구조의 뚜렷한 차이점이 발견되었다. Nano scale에서는 apatite 결정의 모양과 크기 그리고 콜라겐의 배열을 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과 토끼와 닭은 종이 다름에도 불구하고 nano scale에서는 화학성분과 구조가 매우 유사한 것으로 나타났다.

Keywords

References

  1. Carlisle EM: Silicon: a possible factor in bone calcification. Science 167 : 279, 1970. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.167.3916.279
  2. Glimcher MJ: Bone: Nature of the calcium phosphate crystals and cellular, structural, and physical chemical mechanisms in their formation. In: Nita S, ed, Review in Mineralogy & Geochemistry 64 : 223-282, 2006. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2006.64.8
  3. Gupta HS, Zioupos P: Fracture of bone tissue: The 'hows' and 'whys'. Medical Engineering & Physics 30 : 1209-1226, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medengphy.2008.09.007
  4. Landis WJ, Song MJ, Leith A, McEwen L, McEwen BF: Mineral and organic matrix interaction in normally calcifying tendon visualized in three dimensions by high-voltage electron microscopic tomography and graphic image reconstruction. Journal of Structural Biology 110 : 39-54, 1993. https://doi.org/10.1006/jsbi.1993.1003
  5. Liu ZQ, Austin T, Thomas CDL, Clement G: Bone feature analysis using image processing techniques. Computers in Biology and Medicine 26 : 65-76, 1996. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-4825(95)00044-5
  6. Olszta MJ, Cheng X, Jee SS, Kumar R, Kim YY, Kaufman MJ, Douglas EP, Gower LB: Bone structure and formation: A new perspective. Material Science & Engineering R58 : 77-166, 2007.
  7. Rensberger JM, Watabe M: Fine structure of bone in dinosaurs, birds and mammals. Nature 406 : 619-622, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1038/35020550
  8. Rho JY, Kuhn-spearing L, Zioupos P: Mechnical properties and the hierarchical structure of bone. Medical Engineering & Physics 20 : 92-102, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1350-4533(98)00007-1
  9. Robinson RA: An electron microscopy study of the crystalline inorganic components of bone and its relationship to the organic matrix. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 34A : 389-434, 1952.
  10. Rubin MA, Rubine J, Jasiuk I: SEM and TEM study of the hierarchical structure of C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ mice trabecular bone. Bone 35 : 11-20, 2004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2004.02.008