Korean Journal of Microbiology (미생물학회지)

The Microbiological Society of Korea (한국미생물학회)
권호 표지

Characterization and Composition of Ammonia-Oxidizing Bacterial Community in Full- Scale Wastewater Treatment Bioreactors

실규모 하수처리 생물반응기에서 발견되는 암모니아산화균 군집조성 및 특징

  • Park, Hee-Deung (School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University)
  • 박희등 (고려대학교 건축사회환경공학부)
  • Received : 2009.03.31
  • Accepted : 2009.04.21
  • Published : 2009.06.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) are chemolithoautotrophs that play a key role in nitrogen removal from advanced wastewater treatment processes. Various AOB species inhabit and their community compositions vary over time in the wastewater treatment bioreactors. In this study, a hypothesis that operational and environmental conditions affect both the community compositions and the diversity of AOB in the bioreactors was proposed. To verify the hypothesis, the clone libraries based on ammonia monooxygenase subunit A were constructed using activated sludge samples from aerobic bioreactors at the Pohang, the Palo Alto, the Nine Springs, and the Marshall wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In those bioreactors, AOB within the Nitrosomonas europaea, N. oligotropha, N.-like, and Nitrosospira lineages were commonly found, while AOB within the N. communis, N. marina, and N. cryotolerans lineages were rarely detected in the samples. The AOB community structures were different in the bioreactors: AOB within the N. oligotropha lineage were the major microorganisms in the Pohang, the Palo Alto, and the Marshall WWTPs, while AOB within the N. europaea lineage were dominant in the Nine Springs WWTP. The correlations between the AOB community compositions of the wastewater treatment bioreactors and their operational (HRT, SRT, and MLSS) and environmental conditions (temperature, pH, COD, $NH_3$, and $NO_3{^-}$) were evaluated using a multivariate statistical analysis called the Redundancy Analysis (RDA). As a result, COD and $NO_3{^-}$ concentrations in the bioreactors were the statistically significant variables influencing the AOB community structures in the wastewater treatment bioreactors.

질소제거 하수고도처리공정에서 암모니아산화균은 질소제거에 핵심 역할을 하는 독립영양세균이다. 하수처리 생물반응기에는 다양한 암모니아산화균이 서식하며 군집조성도 시간에 따라 변화한다. 본 연구에서는 생물반응기의 운전인자 및 환경조건이 암모니아산화균 군집구조의 조성과 다양성에 영향을 미친다는 가설을 설정하였다. 이 가설을 검증하기 위해 질산화 반응이 활발한 포항, Palo Alto, Nine Springs, Marshall 하수처리장 활성슬러지 생물반응기로부터 암모니아산화균의 ammonia monooxygenase subunit A 유전자 clone library를 제작하였다. 하수처리 생물반응기에는 Nitrosomonas europaea, N. oligotropha, N.-like, Nitrosospira lineage에 속하는 암모니아산화균이 주로 발견되었으며, N. communis, N. marina, N. cryotolerans lineage에 속하는 암모니아산화균은 주종을 이루지 못했다. 암모니아산화균 군집조성은 하수처리장별로 차이를 보였는데, 포항, Palo Alto, Marshall 하수처리장에서는 N. oligotropha lineage에 속하는 암모니아산화균이 가장 빈번히 발견되었고, Nine Springs 하수처리장에서는 N. europaea lineage에 속하는 암모니아산화균이 주종을 이루었다. 한편, 암모니아산화균 군집조성과 생물반응기 운전인자(HRT, SRT, MLSS) 및 환경조건(온도, pH, COD, $NH_3$, $NO_3{^-}$)의 연관성은 다변수 통계분석법인 Redundancy Analysis 방법을 이용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과, 생물반응조의 COD와 $NO_3{^-}$ 농도가 하수처리 생물반응기에서 암모니아산화균 군집구조를 결정하는 통계학적으로 유의한 변수로 나타났다.

Keywords

References

  1. 이정수. 2005. 하.폐수처리: 최신 이론 및 응용. 서울, 도서출판 동화기술
  2. APHA, AWWA, and WPCF. 1989. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 17th ed. APHA, AWWA, WPCF. Washington, D.C., USA.
  3. Dionisi, H.M., A.C. Layton, G. Harms, I.R. Gregory, K.G. Robinson, and G.S. Sayler. 2002. Quantification of Nitrosomonas oligotropha-like ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and Nitrospira spp. from full-scale wastewater treatment plants by competitive PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 68, 245-253 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.68.1.245-253.2002
  4. Hiorns, W.D., R.C. Hastings, I.M. Head, A.J. McCarthy, J.R. Saunders, R.W. Pickup, and G.H. Hall. 1995. Amplification of 16S ribosomal RNA genes of autotrophic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria demonstrates the ubiquity of nitrosospiras in the environment. Microbiology 141, 2793-2800 https://doi.org/10.1099/13500872-141-11-2793
  5. Koops, H.P., B. Botcher, U.C. Moller, A. Pommerening-Roser, and G. Stehr. 1991. Classification of eight new species of ammoniaoxidizing bacteria: Nitrosomonas communis sp. nov., Nitrosomonas urea sp. nov., Nitrosomonas aestuarii sp. nov., Nitrosomonas marina sp. nov., Nitrosomonas nitrosa sp. nov., Nitrosomonas eutropha sp. nov., Nitrosomonas oligotropha sp. nov. and Nitrosomonas halophila sp. nov. J. Gen. Microbiol. 137, 1689-1699 https://doi.org/10.1099/00221287-137-7-1689
  6. Koops, H.P. and A. Pommerening-Roser. 2001. Distribution and ecophysiology of the nitrifying bacteria emphasizing cultured species. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 37, 1-9 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00847.x
  7. Kowalchuk, G.A. and J.R. Stephen. 2001. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria: A model for molecular microbial ecology. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 55, 485-529 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.485
  8. Limpiyakorn, T., F. Kurisu, and O. Yagi. 2006. Quantification of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria populations in full-scale sewage activated sludge systems and assessment of system variables affecting their performance. Wat. Sci. Technol. 54, 91-99 https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.376
  9. Limpiyakorn, T., Y. Shinohara, F. Kurisu, and O. Yagi. 2005. Communities of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in activated sludge of various sewage treatment plants in Tokyo. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol. 54, 205-217 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsec.2005.03.017
  10. McCune, B. and J.B. Grace. 2002. Analysis of ecological communities. Gleneden Beach, OR, MJM Software Design
  11. Metcalf and Eddy. 2003. Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse. 4th ed. New York, NY, McGraw-Hill
  12. Park, H.D., S.Y. Lee, and S. Hwang. 2008. Redundancy analysis demonstrated the relevance of temperature to ammonia-oxidizing bacterial community compositions in a full-scale nitrifying bioreactor treating saline wastewater J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. in print https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.0806.399
  13. Park, H.-D., J.M. Regan, and D.R. Noguera. 2002. Molecular analysis of ammonia-oxidizing bacterial populations in aerated-anoxic Orbal processes. Wat. Sci. Technol. 46, 273-280
  14. Park, H.D., L.M. Whang, S.R. Reusser, and D.R. Noguera. 2006. Taking advantage of aerated-anoxic operation in a full-scale University of Cape Town (UCT) process. Wat. Environ. Res. 78, 637-642 https://doi.org/10.2175/106143006X99786
  15. Purkhold, U., A. Pommerening-Roser, S. Juretschko, M.C. Schmid, H.-P. Koops, and M. Wagner. 2000. Phylogeny of all recognized species of ammonia oxidizers based on comparative 16S rRNA and amoA sequence analysis: implications for molecular diversity surveys. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66, 5368-5382 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.12.5368-5382.2000
  16. Rotthauwe, J.H., K.P. Witzel, and W. Liesack. 1997. The ammonia monooxygenase structural gene amoA as a functional marker: molecular fine-scale analysis of natural ammonia-oxidizing populations. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63, 4704-4712
  17. Saitou, N. and M. Nei. 1987. The neighbor-joining method - a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 4, 406-425
  18. ter Braak, C.J.F. 1986. Canonical correspondence analysis: a new eigenvector technique for multivariate direct gradient analysis. Ecology 67, 1167-1179 https://doi.org/10.2307/1938672
  19. Thompson, J.D., T.J. Gibson, F. Plewniak, F. Jeanmougin, and D.G. Higgins. 1997. The Clustal_X windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 4876-4882 https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/25.24.4876
  20. US-EPA. 1993. Manual: Nitrogen control. Cincinnati, OH, US-EPA.
  21. Wagner, M., D.R. Noguera, S. Juretschko, G. Rath, H.P. Koops, and K.H. Schleifer. 1998. Combining fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) with cultivation and mathematical modeling to study population structure and function of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in activated sludge. Wat. Sci. Technol. 37, 441-449 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0273-1223(98)00143-7
  22. Watson, S.W., E. Bock, H. Harms, H.-P. Koops, and A.B. Hooper. 1989. Nitrifying bacteria, pp. 1808-1834. In J.T. Staley, M.P. Bryant, N. Pfenning, and J.G. Holts (ed.), Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, USA.