Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering (한국정보통신학회논문지)

The Korea Institute of Information and Commucation Engineering (한국정보통신학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

A Watermarking Method Based on the Informed Coding and Embedding Using Trellis Code and Entropy Masking

Trellis 부호 및 엔트로피 마스킹을 이용한 정보부호화 기반 워터마킹

  • 이정환 (안동대학교 전자정보산업학부)
  • Published : 2009.12.31
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In this paper, we study a watermarking method based on the informed coding and embedding by means of trellis code and entropy masking. An image is divided as $8{\times}8$ block with no overlapping and the discrete cosine transform(DCT) is applied to each block. Then the 16 medium-frequency AC terms of each block are extracted. Next it is compared with gaussian random vectors having zero mean and unit variance. As these processing, the embedding vectors with minimum value of linear combination between linear correlation and Watson distance can be obtained by Viterbi algorithm at each stage of trellis coding. For considering the image characteristics, we apply different weight value between the linear correlation and the Watson distance using the entropy masking. To evaluate the performance of proposed method, the average bit error rate of watermark message is calculated from different several images. By the experiments the proposed method is improved in terms of the average bit error rate.

본 논문에서는 trellis 부호 및 엔트로피 마스킹을 이용한 정보부호화 기반 워터마킹 방법에 대하여 연구하였다. 영상을 $8{\times}8$ 블록으로 중복되지 않게 나누어 DCT 변환을 수행하고 각 블록으로부터 16개의 중간주파수 대역의 계수를 추출한다. 이를 trellis 부호화의 각 단계에서 평균이 0이고 분산이 1인 가우시안 난수와 비교하여 선형상관계수 및 왓슨거리의 선형결합이 최소인 벡터를 Viterbi 알고리즘으로 구하고 이를 원 영상에 삽입하여 워터마킹된 영상을 얻는다. 영상의 특성을 고려하기 위해 삽입벡터를 구할 때 엔트로피 마스킹 함수를 사용하여 선형상관계수와 왓슨거리의 가중치를 다르게 적용한다. 제안방법의 성능을 평가하기 위해 다수의 영상에 대한 평균비트오차율을 계산하여 성능을 비교하였으며, 평균비트오차율 측면에서 성능 개선이 있었다.

Keywords

References

  1. I.J.Cox, M.L.Miller, J.A.Bloom, J.Fridrich, and T.Kalker, 'Digital Watermarking and Steganography(2nd edition)',Morgan Kaufmann 2007
  2. H.T.Sencar, M.Ramkumar, and A.N.Akansu, 'An overview of scalar quantization based data hiding methods', Signal Processing vol.86, pp.893-914, 2006 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2005.07.018
  3. O.H.Kwon, Y.S.Kim, and R.H.Park, 'Watermarking for still image using the hunam visual system in the DCT domain', Proc. IS-CAS, vol.4, pp.76-79, June 1999
  4. B.Chen and G.W.Wornell, 'Quantization index modulation: a class of provably goodmethods for digital watermarking and information embedding', IEEE Trans. Inform. Theory, vol.47, pp.1423-1443, May 2001 https://doi.org/10.1109/18.923725
  5. M.L.Miller, G.J.Doerr, and I.J.Cox, 'Applying informed coding and embedding to design a robust, high capacity, watermark', IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol.13, no.6, pp.792-807, Jun. 2004 https://doi.org/10.1109/TIP.2003.821551
  6. I.J.Cox, M.L.Miller, and A.L.McKellips, 'Watermarking as communication with side information', Proc. IEEE, vol.87, no.7, pp.1127-1141, Jul. 1999 https://doi.org/10.1109/5.771068
  7. M.H.M.Costa, 'Writing on dirty paper', IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol.IT-29, no.3, pp.439-441, May 1983
  8. I.J.Cox, M.L.Miller, and G.J.Doerr, 'Dirty-paper trellis codes for watermarking', in Proc. 9th IEEE Int. Conf. Image Process., vol.II, Rochester, NY. Sep.2002, pp.129-132
  9. T.R.Fischer, M.W.Macellin, and M.Wang, 'Trelliscoded vector quantization', IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol.37, no.6, pp.1551-1566, Nov.1991 https://doi.org/10.1109/18.104316
  10. A.Abrardo and M.Barni, 'Informed watermarking by means of orthogonal and quasi-orthogonal dirty paper coding', IEEE Trans. on Signal Process., vol.53, no.2, pp.824-833, Feb. 2005 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSP.2004.839909
  11. G.Wu and P.Huang, 'A novel entropy based image watermarking in wavelet domain', IEICE Trans., Commu., vol.E91-B, no.10, Oct. 2008
  12. A.J.Viterbi, 'CDMA: principles of spread spectrum communications', Addison Wesley Longman Inc., 1995
  13. C.K.Wang, M.L.Miller, and I.J.Cox, 'Using perceptual distance to improve the selection of dirty paper trellis codes for watermarking', in Proc. IEEE Int. Workshop on Multimedia Signal Processing, Siena Italy, Sept. 2004, pp.147-150
  14. A.B.Watson, 'DCT quantization matrices optimized for individual images', Human Vision, Visual Processing, and Digital Display IV, SPIE-1913, pp.202-216, 1993
  15. L.Lin, I.COx, G.Doerr, and M.Miller,'An efficient algorithmfor informed embedding of dirty paper trellis codes for watermarking', in Proc. 4th IEEE Int. Conf. on Image Process., I, pp.697-700, Sept. 2005
  16. S.W.Kim and S.Suthaharan, 'An entropy masking model for multimedia content watermarking', Proc. 37th IEEE System Science, Hawaii, Jan. 2004