Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences

Asian Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies (아세아태평양축산학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Evaluation of Soybean Oil as a Lipid Source for Pig Diets

  • Park, S.W. (Department of Animal Science, Chung-Ang University) ;
  • Seo, S.H. (Cargill Agri Purina, Inc.) ;
  • Chang, M.B. (Department of Animal Science, Chung-Ang University) ;
  • Shin, I.S. (American Soybean Association-International Marketing) ;
  • Paik, InKee (Department of Animal Science, Chung-Ang University)
  • Received : 2009.02.10
  • Accepted : 2009.05.11
  • Published : 2009.09.01
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of soybean oil supplementation replacing tallow in pig diets at different stages of growth. One hundred and twenty crossbred (Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire${\times}$Duroc) pigs weighing 18 kg on average were selected. Pigs were randomly allotted to 12 pens of 10 pigs (5 pigs of each sex) each. Three pens were assigned to each of the four treatments: TA; tallow diet, TA-SO-80; switched from tallow to soybean oil diet at 80 kg average body weight, TA-SO-45; switched from tallow to soybean oil diet at 45 kg average body weight, and SO; soybean oil diet. Treatment SO was significantly lower in ADG than tallow diets (TA, TA-SO-80 and TA-SO-45) during the grower period (18 to 45 kg). However, treatment SO showed greatest compensation in ADFI and ADG during the finisher-2 period (after 80 kg body weight). ADFI and ADG and Gain/Feed for the total period were not significantly different among treatments. Loin area, back fat thickness, firmness and melting point of back fat were not significantly different. The levels of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein+very low density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum were significantly lower in treatment SO than in treatments TA-SO-45, TA-SO-80 and TA. The level of serum triglyceride linearly increased as the length of the tallow feeding period increased. Serum immunoglobulin-G (IgG) level was significantly higher in the soybean oiltreatment than in other treatments. Major fatty acid composition of short rib muscle and back fat were significantly influenced by treatments. Contents of ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (C18:3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6) linearly increased as the soybean oil feeding period increased. In conclusion, soybean oil can be supplemented to the diet of pigs without significant effects on growth performance and carcass characteristics. The level of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially $\omega-3$ fatty acids in the carcass was increased by soybean oil supplementation.

Keywords

References

  1. Alessandri, H. M., B. Goustard, P. Guesnet and A. Durand. 1998. Docosahexaenoic acid concentrations in retinal phospholipids of piglets fed an infant formula enriched with long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid: effect of egg phospholipids and fish oil with different ratios of eicosapentaenoic acid to docosahexaenoic acid. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 67:377-385
  2. AOCS. 1967. Official methods of analysis. American Oil Chemists' Society, Chicago
  3. Azain, M. J. 2004. Role of fatty acids in adipocyte growth and development. J. Anim. Sci. 82:916-924
  4. Bee, G., S. Geber and R. Messikommer. 2002. Effect of dietary energy supply and fat source on the fatty acid pattern of adipose and lean tissue and lipogenesis in the pig. J. Anim. Sci. 80:1564-1574
  5. Cera, K. R., D. C. Mahan and G. A. Reinhart. 1989. Apparent fat digestibilities and performance responses of postweaning swine fed diets supplemented with coconut oil, corn oil or tallow. J. Anim. Sci. 67:2040-2047
  6. Cera, K. R., D. C. Mahan and G. A. Reinhart. 1990. Evaluation of various extracted vegetable oils, roasted soybeans, mediumchain triglyceride and an animal-vegetable fat blend for postweaning swine. J. Anim. Sci. 68:2756-2765
  7. Coffey, M. T., R. W. Funderburke and H. C. McCampbell. 1982. Effect of heat increment and level of dietary energy and environmental temperature on the performance of growingfinishing swine. J. Anim. Sci. 54:95-105
  8. Conquer, J. A. and B. J. Houlb. 1998. Effect of supplementation with different doses of DHA on the level of circulating DHA as nonesterified fatty acid in subjects of Asian Indian background. J. Lipid Res. 39:286-292
  9. Enser, M. 1984. The chemistry, biochemistry and nutritional importance of animal fats. In: Fats in animal nutrition (Ed. J. Wise). Butterworths pp. 23-51
  10. Ensminger, M. E., J. E. Oldfield and W. W. Heinemann. 1990. Feeds and Nutrition. $2^{nd}$. The Ensminger Publishing Company, Clovis, CA. USA
  11. Frenadez, M. L. and D. J. McNamara. 1991. Regulation of cholesterol and lipoprotein metabolism in guinea pigs mediated by dietary fat quality and quantity. J. Nutr. 121:934-943
  12. Gatlin, A. L., M. T. See, J. A. Hansen, D. Sutton and J. Odle. 2002. The effects of dietary fat sources, levels, and feeding intervals on pork fatty acid composition. J. Anim. Sci. 80:1606-1615
  13. Harbige, L. S. 1998. Dietary n-6 and n-3 fatty acids in immunity and autoimmune disease. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 57:555-562 https://doi.org/10.1079/PNS19980081
  14. Harris, W. S., W. E. Conner, S. B. Inkeles and D. R. Illingworth. 1984. Dietary $\omega$-3 fatty acids prevent carbohydrate induced hypertriglyceridemia. Metabolism 33:1016-1019 https://doi.org/10.1016/0026-0495(84)90230-0
  15. Harris, W. S. 1997. n-3 Fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 65:1645-1654
  16. Hartman, A. D., W. J. Costello, G. W. Libal and R. C. Wahlstrom. 1985. Effect of sunflower seeds on performance, carcass quality, fatty acids and acceptability of pork. J. Anim. Sci. 60:212-219
  17. Howard, K. A., D. M. Forsyth and T. R. Cline. 1990. The effect of an adaption period to soybean oil additions in the diets of young pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 68:678-683
  18. Irie, M. and M. Sakimoto. 1992. Fat characteristics of pigs fed fish oil containing eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids. J. Anim. Sci. 70:470-477
  19. Kendall, P. T. 1984. The use of fat in dog and cat diets. In: Fats in animal nutrition (Ed. J. Wiseman). Butterworths pp. 397-398
  20. Klingenberg, I. L., D. A. Knabe and S. B. Smith. 1995. Lipid metabolism in pigs fed beef tallow or high-oleic acid sunflower oil. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 110B:183-192 (Abstr.) https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(94)00116-C
  21. Kouba, M., M. Enser, F. M. Whittington, G. R. Nute and J. D. Wood. 2003. Effect of a high-linolenic acid diet on lipogenic enzyme activities, fatty acid composition, and meat quality in the growing pig. J. Anim. Sci. 81:1967-1979
  22. Lands, W. E. M. 1986. Immune response. In: Fish and human health. New York: Academic Press. pp. 63-82
  23. Lepage, G. and C. C. Roy. 1986. Direct transesterification of all classes of lipid in a one/step reaction. J. Lipid Res. 27:114
  24. Leskanich, C. O., K. R. Matthews, C. C. Warkup, R. C. Noble and M. Hazzledine. 1997. The effect of dietary oil containing (n-3) fatty acids on the fatty acid, physicochemical, and organoleptic characteristics of pig meat and fat. J. Anim. Sci. 75:673-683
  25. Mancini, G., A. O. Carbonara and J. F. Heremans. 1965. Immunochemical quantitation of antigens by single radical immunodiffusion. Immunochemistry 2:235-254 https://doi.org/10.1016/0019-2791(65)90004-2
  26. Morgan, J. B., G. C. Smith, J. Cannon, F. Mckeith and J. Heavner. 1994. Pork distribution channel audit report. In: Pork chain quality audit-progress report (Ed. D. Meeker and S. Sonka). National Pork Producers Council, Des Moines, IA
  27. NRC. 1998. Nutrient requirements of swine. $10^{th}$ Rev. Ed., National Research Council, Washington DC, USA
  28. Park, S. W., S. H. Seo, H. Namkung, I. K. Paik and I. S. Shin. 2001. Effect of soybean oil supplementation on the performance of weanling pigs. Korean J. Anim. Sci. 43:485-496
  29. Perez, Rigau, A., M. D. Linderman, E. T. Kornegay, A. F. Harper and B. A. Watkins. 1995. Role of dietary lipids on fetal tissue fatty acid composition and fetal survival in swine at 42 days of gestation. J. Anim. Sci. 73:1372-1380
  30. Renner, R. and F. W. Hill. 1961. Factors affecting the absorbability of saturated fatty acids in the chick. J. Nutr. 74:254-258 https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(80)90014-0
  31. Romans, J. R., R. C. Johnson, D. M. Wolf, G. W. Libal and W. J. Costello. 1995. Effects of ground flaxseed in swine diets on pig performance and physical and sensory characteristics and omega-3 fatty acid content of pork: I. Dietary level of flaxseed. J. Anim. Sci. 73:1982-1986
  32. Sanderson, P., Y. E. Finnegan, C. M. Willams, P. C. Calder, G. C.Burdge, S. A. Wooton, B. A. Grifin, D. J. Millward, N. C. Pegge and W. J. E. Bemelmans. 2002. UK Food Standards Agency $\alpha$-linolenic acid workshop report. Br. J. Nutr. 88:573-579 https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2002691
  33. SAS Institute. 1996. SAS/STAT user's guide release 6.12 edition. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina
  34. Scollan, N. D., N. J. Choi, E. Kurt, A. V. Fisher, M. Enser and J. D. Wood. 2001. Manipulating the fatty acid composition of muscle and adipose tissue in beef cattle. Br. J. Nutr. 85:115-124 https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN2000223
  35. Skelley, G. C., R. F. Borgman, D. L. Handlin, J. C. Acton, J. C. Mc Connel, F. B. Wardlaw and E. J. Evans. 1975. Influence of diet on quality, fatty acids and acceptability of pork. J. Anim. Sci. 41:1298-1304
  36. Sprecher, H. 1981. Biochemistry of essential fatty acids. Progress in Lipid Research. 20:13-22 https://doi.org/10.1016/0163-7827(81)90009-6
  37. Stubbs, C. D. and A. D. Smith. 1984. The modification of mammalian membrane polyunsaturated fatty acid composition in relation to membrane fluidity and function. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 779:89-137 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4157(84)90005-4
  38. Theodore, J. W. 1980. Commercial oil source. In: Food oils and their uses. The AVI Publishing Co. Inc. pp. 26-46
  39. Thiel-Cooper, R. L., F. C. Parrish Jr. J. C. Sparks, B. R. Wiegand and R. C. Ewan. 2001. Conjugated linoleic acid changes swine performance and carcass composition. J. Anim. Sci. 70:1821-1828
  40. Tukey, J. W. 1953. The problem of multiple comparisons. Princeton University , Princeton, NJ
  41. In: 2nd Ed. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. A Biometrical Approach. R. G. D. Steel and J. H. Torrie. 1980. McGraw-Hill Book Co. pp. 185-186
  42. Turlington, H. 1988. The effect of protein, carbohydrate and fat source on nutrient digestibility of the early weaned pig. Ph.D. Thesis. Kansas State Univ., Manhattan
  43. Van Oeckel, M. J., M. Casteels, N. Warnants, L. Van Damme and Ch. V. Boucque. 1996. Omega-3 fatty acids in pig nutrition: implications for the intrinsic and sensory quality of the meat. Meat Sci. 44:55-63 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0309-1740(96)00077-0
  44. Wahlstrom, R. C., G. W. Libal and R. J. Berns. 1971. Effect of cooked soybean on performance, fatty acid composition and pork carcass characteristics. J. Anim. Sci. 32:891-894

Cited by

  1. Meat Quality and Volatile Flavor Traits of Duroc, Berkshire and Yorksire Breeds vol.31, pp.6, 2011, https://doi.org/10.5851/kosfa.2011.31.6.807
  2. BEEF TALLOW AND EMULSIFIER IN GROWING-FINISHING PIG DIETS vol.89, pp.2, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201720160500
  3. Effect of Duration of Dietary Rapeseed and Soybean Oil Feeding on Physical Characteristics, Fatty Acid Profile, and Oxidative Stability of Pig Backfat vol.8, pp.11, 2018, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8110193
  4. Growth, carcass characteristics and meat quality of Chinese indigenous Yanan pig crossbred with Duroc and Berkshire genotypes vol.59, pp.6, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1071/an17450
  5. Effect of dietary rapeseed and soybean oil on growth performance, carcass traits, and fatty acid composition of pigs vol.48, pp.None, 2009, https://doi.org/10.1590/rbz4820180131