The Effects of Irrational Belief and Social Support on Adolescents' Social Anxiety

비합리적 신념과 사회적 지지가 청소년의 사회불안에 미치는 영향

  • Choi, Young-Sook (Dept. of Child Development and Education, Myongji Univ.) ;
  • Kim, Jung-Min (Dept. of Child Development and Education, Myongji Univ.)
  • Published : 2008.04.30

Abstract

The purpose of the study is to examine the influences of irrational belief and social support on adolescents' social anxiety. Questionnaires regarding irrational belief, social support, and social anxiety were administered to 566 2nd and 3rd grade middle-school students in Gyeonggi Province. Finally 523 questionnaires were collected and statistically analyzed through t-test, Pearson's correlation analysis, hierarchical and stepwise multiple regression analysis. The results of the study were as follows: 1) While there were gender differences in social anxiety, irrational belief, and social support sources, no differences in social support types were observed. 2) While social anxiety and irrational belief showed a positive correlation, social anxiety and social support revealed a negative correlation. Additionally, irrational belief and social support showed a negative correlation. 3) Irrational belief(catastrophizing, extreme anxiety and fear, personal perfection, and helplessness), emotional social support, and social support from friends were significant predictors of social anxiety. 4) Irrational belief which predicted each social anxiety subtype was varied.

Keywords

References

  1. 문혜신.오경자(2002). 한국판 아동.청소년용 사회 불안 척도의 타당화 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 21(2), 429-443
  2. 박지원(1985). 사회적 지지척도 개발을 위한 일 연구. 연세대학교대학원 박사학위논문
  3. 윤미경(1998). 청소년이 지각한 사회적 지지와 자아 존중감의 상관연구. 연세대학교 대학원 석사학위논문
  4. 윤혜정(1993). 청소년의 일상적 스트레스와 사회관계망지지 지각. 서울대학교 대학원 석사학위논문
  5. 이정윤(1996). 사회불안증에 대한 인지행동치료와 노출치료의 효과연구. 연세대학교 대학원 박사학위논문
  6. 이정윤(1999). 사회불안과 우울의 인지특성: 비합리적신념, 역기능적 태도, 핵심신념을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 11(2), 199-211
  7. 이혜진(2001). 비합리적 신념이 대학생 정신 건강에 미치는 영향. 이화여자대학교 학원 석사학위 논문
  8. 정미정.정현희(2002). 자의식, 자기개념, 비합리적 신념이 대학생의 사회불안에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 14(1), 39-53
  9. 조용래(1998). 역기능적 신념과 부적응적인 자동적 사고가 사회공포증상에 미치는 영향. 서울 대학교 박사학위 논문
  10. 조용래.원호택(1999). 사회공포증에 대한 인지적 평가 III: 역기능적 신념검사의 개발 및 타당화. 한국심리학회지, 18(1), 141-162
  11. 최정훈.이정윤(1994). 사회적 불안에서의 비합리적 신념과 상황요인. 한국 심리학회, 한국심리학회지: 상담과 심리치료, 6(1), 21-47
  12. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association
  13. Arrindell W. A., Emmelkamp P. M. G., Monsma A., & Brilman, E. (1983). The role of perceived parental rearing practices in the etiology of phobic disorders: a controlled. study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 183-187 https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.143.2.183
  14. Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. L. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. N.Y.: Basic Books
  15. Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M. (1998). Shy children, phobic adult. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
  16. Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., & Morris, T. L. (1995). A new inventory to assess childhood social anxiety and phobia: The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children. Psychological Assessment, 7, 73-79 https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.7.1.73
  17. Beidel, D. C., Ferrell, C., Alfano, C. A., & Yeganeh, R. (2001). The treatment of childhood social anxiety disorder, Social Anxiety Disorder, 24(4), 831-846
  18. Bruch, M. A. (1989). Familial and developmental antecedents of social phobia: Issues and findings. Clinical Psychology Review, 9, 37-47 https://doi.org/10.1016/0272-7358(89)90045-7
  19. Bruch, M. A., & Heimberg, R. G. (1994). Differences in perceptions of parental and personal characteristics between generalized and nongeneralized social phobics. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 8, 155-168 https://doi.org/10.1016/0887-6185(94)90013-2
  20. Bruch, M. A., Heimberg, R. G., Berger, P., & Collins, T. M. (1989). Social phobia and perceptions of early parental and personal characteristics. Anxiety Research, 2, 57-65 https://doi.org/10.1080/08917778908249326
  21. Boegels, S.M., van Oosten, A., Muris, P., & Smulders, D. (2001). Familial correlates of social anxiety in children and adolescents. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 273-287 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(00)00005-X
  22. Calsyn, R. J., Winter, J. P., & Burger, G. K. (2005). The relationship between. social anxiety and social support in adolescents: A test of competing models. Adolescents, 40, 103-113
  23. Caster, J. B., Inderbitzen, H. M., & Hope, D. (1999). Relationship between youth and parent perceptions of family environment and social anxiety. Journal of Anxiety. Disorders, 13, 237-251 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(99)00002-X
  24. Clark, D. M., & Stopa, L. (1994). Social phobia and the interpretation of ambiguous and mildly negative social events. Manuscript in preparation
  25. Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (pp. 69-93). N.Y.: Guilford Press
  26. Costello, E. J., Mustillo, S., Erkanli, A., Keeler, G., & Angold, A. (2003). Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60, 837-844 https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.837
  27. Essau, C. A., Conradt, J., & Peterman, F. (2002). Course and outcome of anxiety disorders in adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16, 67-81 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(01)00091-3
  28. Ginsburg, G. S., La Greca, A. M., & Silverman, W. K. (1998). Social anxiety in children with anxiety disorders: Relation with social and emotional functioning. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 26, 175-186 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022668101048
  29. Glass, C. R., & Furlong, M. (1990). Cognitive assessment of social anxiety: Affective and behavioral correlates. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14, 365-384 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01172933
  30. Grossman, P., Wilhelm, F. H., Sparrow, D., & Kawachi, I. (2001). Gender differences in psychophysiological responses to speech stress among older social phobics: congruence and incongruence between self-evaluative and cardiovascular reactions. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(5), 765-777 https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200109000-00010
  31. Ham, L. S., Hayes, S. A., & Hope, D. A. (2005). Gender differences in social support for socially anxious individuals. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 34(4), 201-206. https://doi.org/10.1080/16506070510008470
  32. Heimberg, R. G., & Becker, R. E. (2002). Cognitive-behavioral group therapy of social phobia: Basic mechanisms and clinical applications. N.Y.: Guilford Press
  33. Hudson, J. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2000). The origins of social phobia. Behavior Modification, 24, 102-129 https://doi.org/10.1177/0145445500241006
  34. Inderbitzen, H. M., Walters, K. S., & Bukowski, A. L. (1997). The role of social anxiety in. adolescent peer relations: Differences among sociometric status groups and rejected. subgroups. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 26, 338-348 https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2604_2
  35. Johnson, H. S., Inderbitzen-Nolan, H. M., & Schapman, A. M. (2005). A comparison between socially anxious and depressive symptomatology in youth: a focus on perceived family environment. Anxiety Disorders, 19(4), 423-442 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2004.04.004
  36. Jones, R. G. (1969). The Irrational Beliefs Test. Wichita, KS: Test Systems, Inc
  37. Kendler, K. S., Thornton, L. M., & Prescott, C. A. (2001). Gender differences in the rates of exposure to stressful life events and sensitivity to depressogenic effects. American Journal of Psychiatry, 158, 587-593 https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.158.4.587
  38. Kessler, R., McGonagle, K., Zhao, S., Nelson C., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., Wittchen, H. U., & Kendler, K. S. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51, 8-19 https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002
  39. Kraus, C. A., VanDyke-Skiles, M., DeCoteau, T. J., Norton, P. J., Ham, L. S., Moore, E. L., & Hope, D. A. (2001). Social support in individual with social anxiety disorder. Poster presented at the 35th meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
  40. La Greca, A. M., & Stone, W. L. (1993). Social anxiety scale for children-revised: Factor structure and concurrent validity. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 22, 17-27 https://doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2201_2
  41. Landman-Peeters, K. M. C., Hartman, C. A,, Van der Pompe, G., Den Boer, J. A., Minderaa, R. B.. & Ormel, J. (2005) Gender differences in the relation between social support, problems in parent-offspring communication, and depression and anxiety. Social Science & Medicine, 60, 2549-2559 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2004.10.024
  42. Morris, T. L. (2004) Social development. In T. L. Morris, and J.S. March (Eds.), Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents, 2nd ed, (pp. 141-163). N.Y.: Guilford
  43. Parker, G. (1979). Reported parental characteristics of agoraphobics and social phobics. British Journal of Psychiatry, 135, 555-560 https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.135.6.555
  44. Pierce, R., Frone, M., Russell, M., Cooper, M., & Mudar, P. (2000). A longitudinal model of social contact, social support, depression, and alcohol use. Health Psychology, 19(1), 28-38 https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.19.1.28
  45. Rapee, R. M. (1995). Descriptive psychopathology of social phobia. In R. G. Heimberg, M. R. Liebowitz, D. A. Hope, & F. R. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment and treatment (pp. 41-68). N.Y.: Guilford Press
  46. Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 741-756 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(97)00022-3
  47. Rhodes, G. L., & Lakey, B. (1999). Social support and psychological disorder: Insights from social psychology. In R. M. Kowalski & M. R. Leary (Eds.), The social psychology of emotional and behavioral problems (pp. 281-309). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association
  48. Seiffge-Krenke, I. (1995). Stress, coping and relationships in adolescence. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates
  49. Stein, M. B., Chavira, D. A., & Jang, K. L. (2001). Bringing up bashful baby: Developmental pathways to social phobia. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24, 661-675 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70256-2
  50. Stopa, L., & Clark, D. M. (2000). Social phobia and the interpretation of social events. Behaviour. Research and Therapy, 38, 273-283 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00043-1
  51. Taylor. S. E., Cousino Klein, L., Lewis, B. P., Gruenewald, T. L., Gurung, R. A. R., & Updegraff, J. A. (2000). Biobehavioral responses to stress in females: Tend-and-befriend, not fight-or-flight. Psychological Review, 107, 411-429 https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.107.3.411
  52. Turner, R. J. (1999). Social Support and Coping. In A. V. Horwitz and T. L. Scheid, (Ed), A Handbook for the Study of Mental Health: Social Contexts, Theories, and Systems (pp. 198-210). N.Y.: Cambridge University Press
  53. Van Ameringen, M., Mancini, C., & Farvolden, P. (2003). The impact of anxiety disorders on educational achievement. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 17, 561-571 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6185(02)00228-1
  54. Wittchen, H. U., & Fehm, L. (2001). Epidemiology, patterns of comorbidity, and associated disabilities of social phobia. The Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 24, 617-641 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0193-953X(05)70254-9
  55. Wade, T. D., & Kendler, K. S. (2000). Absence of interactions between social support and stressful life events in the prediction of major depression and depressive symptomatology in women. Psychological Medicine, 30, 965-974 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291799002251
  56. Wittchen, H. U., Nelson, C. B., & Lachner, G. (1998). Prevalence of mental disorders and psychosocial impairments in adolescents and young adults. Psychological Medicine, 28, 109-126 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291797005928
  57. Wittchen, H. U., Stein, M. B., & Kessler, R. C. (1999). Social fears and social phobia in a community sample of adolescents and young adults: Prevalence, risk factors and co-morbidity. Psychological Medicine, 29, 309-323 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291798008174