인구 고령화와 임금구조: 1990년대 이후 한국 남성 근로자의 세대규모효과에 대한 실증분석

Population Aging and Wage Structure: An Empirical Study of Cohort Size Effect on Korean Male Worker since 1990

  • 발행 : 2008.04.25

초록

최근 우리나라는 고령화가 급속도로 진전되면서 향후 생산가능인구의 감소와 더불어 인구구조, 특히 연령구조(age structure) 또한 급격한 변화를 겪을 것으로 예상되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 이러한 인구구조의 변화가 임금구조에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 연령별 세대규모(cohort size)에 초점을 맞추어 세대규모효과로 인해 연령-임금 프로파일이 어떻게 변모하였는지를 분석하였다. 실증분석은 Wright(1991)의 모형을 기초로 노동부의 '임금구조기본통계조사' 원자료($1990년{\sim}2006$년)의 남성 근로자 데이터를 활용한 Weighted OLS 회귀분석으로 이루어졌다. 추정결과에서는 고졸 근로자 및 대졸이상 고학력 근로자에게서 세대규모효과가 발견되었는데, 고졸 근로자의 경우 기존 Welch(1979)나 Wright(1991)의 연구와 유사한 결과가 나타났지만, 대졸이상 근로자의 경우 반대로 정(+)의 신규진입효과와 부(-)의 지속효과가 나타났다. 따라서 고졸 근로자는 임금수준에서 세대규모로 인한 불이익을 받는 반면, 고학력 취업자의 경우 최근 청년실업 및 취업난의 상황에도 불구하고 상대적으로 작은 세대규모로 인해 임금수준에서 이득을 보고 있다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 이는 기존의 연구가 주로 노동수요 측면에 치우쳐 있다는 점에서 노동공급측면에서 인구 고령화에 따른 인구구조의 변화에 관심을 둔 연구가 필요하다는 것을 시사한다.

Recently Korea is expected with the decrease of population in working ages and also population structure, especially age structure, has changed as aging goes faster. This study focuses on the relationship between age structure and wage structure to analyzes the cohort size effect on the change of age-earnings profile. Our empirical analysis based on Wright(1991)'s model takes weighted OLS regression using the male worker's data of Ministry of Labor 'Wage Structure Survey'($1990{\sim}2006$). In pooled data, we take the conclusion that the cohort size effect was found in high school and college graduate workers, but the effect is different between them. The labor market entry effect of high school graduate workers is negative(-) and his persistent effect is positive(+). On the other hand, the cohort size effect of college graduate workers have appeared the opposite directions in contrary with the existing results of Welch(1979) and Wright(1991). This results are seen as the possibility that college graduate worker has the benefit of wage level by his relative cohort size in spite of high unemployment of young graduate. It will be the sign of need that we should interest in the change of age structure with balancing the labor supply side approach and the demand side study which the previous studies was mainly tended to focus on.

키워드

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