Reaction to the Vehicle and Trade-off Between Vehicular Interruption and Food Resources of Cranes - Focused on the Wintering Cranes in Cheorwon Basin, Korea-

두루미류의 차량에 대한 반응 및 방해요인과 먹이 자원 사이의 절충 - 철원분지에서 월동하는 두루미와 재두루미를 중심으로 -

  • Published : 2007.12.31

Abstract

This study was conducted at the Civilian Controlled Zone(CCZ) in the Cherowon from February to March 2004 to investigate the reaction to the vehicles of Red-crowned Cranes(RCC) and White-naped Cranes(WNC) and trade-off of the vehicle interruption with food resources. The for-aging distance from the road of WNC was much closer than that of RCC. The large flocks of cranes' average feeding distance from the road was farther than small flocks of cranes in both species. Cranes showed the reaction, such as alert, walking, running and flying against the vehicle stop and were more sensitive as they were close to the road. The reacting time to the stopping vehicle were reduced as it was farther from the road. The distance of about 250m was a reaction threshold distance against the vehicle stop to both species. The reacting time in the same distance was not different in relation to the traffic volume, but large traffic volume tended to cause cranes to stay far away from the road and not to feed themselves near a traffic congested area. The reason cranes fed themselves on fallen rice grains in spite of the vehicular traffic interruption factor was that there was a high density of the fallen rice grains remaining at the area near a road.

본 연구는 2004년도 2월에서 3월까지 철원분지의 민간인통제지역에서 두루미와 재두루미의 차량에 대한 반응 행동과 함께 방해요인과 먹이와의 수지균형에 관하여 실시하였다. 재두루미의 도로로부터의 평균취식거리는 두루미에 비하여 가까웠다. 두루미와 재두루미 모두 무리크기가 클수록 도로로부터 떨어진 평균거리는 증가하였다. 두루미와 재두루미는 차량의 근거리 정지에 대하여 경계, 걷기, 뛰기, 비행의 반응을 보였으며, 도로에서 가까울수록 차량에 대하여 민감하게 반응하였다. 도로에서 멀수록 차량의 정지에 대한 반응 시간은 두루미와 재두루미 모두 감소하였다. 차량의 정지에 대하여 반응을 보이지 않는 반응역치거리는 두루미와 재두루미 모두 250m이었다. 두루미는 200m내에서 재두루미에 비하여 민감하게 반응하였다. 도로 교통량이 증가함에 따라 동일거리에서의 반응시간은 변화가 없었지만, 도로인근 지역에서 멀어지게 하고 해당지역을 취식지로 이용하지 않게 하는 영향이 있었다. 두루미와 재두루미가 차량 통행 등의 방해요인에도 불구하고 낙곡을 취식했던 것은 도로인근 지역의 잔존 낙곡의 밀도가 높았기 때문이었다.

Keywords

References

  1. 김진한, 김상욱, 박진영, 이정연(1996) 한국의 주요습지에 도래하는 동계의 조류. 한국자연보존협회, 한국생물학연구지 1: 127-168
  2. 박진영, 원병오(1993) 주남저수지에 도래하는 큰기러기와 쇠기러기의 월동생태. 경희대학교 조류연구소 연구보고 4: 1-24
  3. 배성환(2000) 비무장지대에 월동하는 두루미류의 서식지이용에 관한 연구. 경희대학교 박사학위논문, 77pp
  4. 송인화(2000) 철원지역에 도래하는 두루미와 재두루미의 현황과 생태. 한국교원대학교 석사학위논문, 41pp
  5. 원병오(1992) 천연기념물(동물편). 대원사, 311pp
  6. 유네스코 한국위원회(1997) 민통선 지역의 생태계 보전과 지역사회 활성화 동시달성을 위한 조사 연구 보고서
  7. 이기섭, K. Ozaki, 유승화, 한성우, 김인규, 이한수(2002) pp.20. 재두루미의 가락지에 의한 이동 경로의 확인과 장소선호성 2002년 추계한국조류학회학술발표대회초록집
  8. 윤태환(2000) 철원지역에 월동하는 두루미와 재두루미의 개체군변동에 미치는 요인. 경희대학교 석사학위논문, 51pp
  9. 철원군(1999) 두루미 백서, 철원군 관광경제과, 304pp
  10. 철원군(2002a) 철새보전계획 및 지속가능한 개발전략 수립 연구. 철원군청, 398pp
  11. 철원군(2002b) 식량작물재배, 2002년 철원군농업기술센터, 145pp
  12. Alonso, J. A. and J. C. Alonso(1993) Age-related differences in time budgets and parental care in wintering Common Cranes. The Auk 110(1): 78-88
  13. Alonso, J. C. L. M. Bautista and J. A. Alonso(2004) Family-based territoriality vs flocking in wintering Common Cranes Grus grus. Journal of Avian Biology 35: 434-444 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0908-8857.2004.03290.x
  14. Amano, T., K. Ushiyama, G. Fujita and H. Higuchi(2004) Factors affecting rice grain density unconsumed by White-fronted Geese in relation to wheat damage. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 102: 403-407 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2003.09.021
  15. Archibald, G. W. (1981) Cranes wintering in the Republic of Korea. pp 225-251, In: Lewis, J. C. and H. Masatomi (eds). Crane Research Around the World, Inti. Crane Found. Baraboo, Wisconsin. 259pp
  16. Austin, J. E. and A. L. Richert(2001) A Comprehensive Review of Observational and Site Evaluation Data of Migrant Whooping Cranes in the United States, 1943-1999. U. S. Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, ND. 157pp. http://www.npwrc.usgs,gov/resource/2003/wcdata/wcdata,htm
  17. Burger, J. and M. Gochfeld(2001) Effect of human presence on foraging behavior of Sandhill Cranes Grus canadensis in Nebraska, Bird Behavior 14(2): 81-87
  18. Diaz, M. E., Gonzalez, R. Mufiz-Pulido and M. A. Naveso (1996) Habitat selection patterns of Common Cranes Grus grus wintering in holm Oak Quercus ilex Deheas of Centeral Spain: Effects of human management, Biological Conservation 75: 119-123 https://doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(95)00064-X
  19. Fredrickson, L. H. and F. A. Reid(1988) Nutritional values of waterfowl foods, pp, 1-6, In: Cross, D. H. (eds) , Waterfowl Management Handbook, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Fish and Wildlife Leaflet 13
  20. Frid, A. and L. Dill(2002) Human-caused disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk, Conservation Biology 6(1): 11. [online] URL: http://www,consecol.org/vol16/iss1/art11
  21. Gill, J. A. and W. J. Sutherland(2004) Predicting the consequences of human disturbance from behavioural decisions, In: Gosling, L. M. and W. J Sutherland(ed.), Behaviour and Conservation(digital edition), Cambridge University Press, UK. pp. 51-64
  22. Gillman, J. A. and D. F. Fraser(1987) Habitat selection under predation hazard: test of a model with foraging minnow, Ecology 68: 1856-1862 https://doi.org/10.2307/1939877
  23. Han, S. W., S. H. Yoo, H. S. Lee, K. S. Lee, W. K. Paek and M. J. Song(2003) A study on the wintering population of geese in Choelwon, Korea. pp. 95-101, In: Proceedings of 2003 International Anatidae Symposium in East Asia & Siberian Region, Hanseo Univ., Seosan, Korea
  24. Keller, V. E. (1991) The effect of disturbance from roads on the distribution of feeding sites of geese wintering in north-east Scotland, Ardea 79: 229-231
  25. Klein, M. L., S. R. Humphrey and H. F. Percival(1995) Effect of ecotourism on distribution of waterbirds in a Wildlife refuge. Conservation Biology 9(6): 1454-1465 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1523-1739.1995.09061454.x
  26. Krebs, J. R. and N. B. Davies(1993) An Introduction to Behavioural Ecology(3rd edt.), Oxford, Blackwell Scientific Publications. 420pp
  27. Lee, W. S., S. J. Rhim and C. R. Park(2001) Habitat use of cranes in Cheolwon basin, Korea. Korean Journal of Ecology 24(2): 77-80
  28. Lima, S. L. and L. M. Dill(1990) Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 619-640 https://doi.org/10.1139/z90-092
  29. Lima, S. L. (1998) Stress and decision making under the risk of predation: recent developments from behavioral, reproductive and ecological perspectives. Advances in the Study of Behavior 27: 215-290 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60366-6
  30. Masatorni, H. (2000) The All of Tancho. Hokkaido Shinbun, Saporo, 327pp
  31. Masatomi, H., K. Momose, Y. Momose, T. Matsuo, K. Koga, N. Aoki(1994) Breeding status of the Red-crowned Crane Grus japonensisin eastern Hokkaido, Japan, in 1994. Strix 13: 103-142
  32. Nagano, Y., Y. Ohsako, S. Nishida and F. Mizoguchi(1992) Reaction of Hooded and White-naped Cranes by human and cars. Strix 11: 179-187
  33. Newton, I. (1998) Population Limitation in Birds. Academic Press, London, UK. 597pp
  34. Ohsako, Y. (1994) Analysis of crane population change, habitat selection and human disturbance in Japan. pp 107-113, In: Higuchi, H., J. Minton and R. Kurosawa (eds.), The Futher of Cranes and Wetlands, Proceedings of the International Symposium. Wild Bird Society of Japan. Tokyo. 181pp
  35. Pae, S. H. (1994) Wintering ecology of Red-crowned Crane Grus japonensis and White-naped Crane Grus vipioin Cholwon basin, Korea. M. Sc. Thesis, Kyung Hee University. 43pp
  36. Pae, S. H., K. Frances, J. B. Lee, P. O. Won and J. C. Yoo(1996) Current status of wintering cranes in Korea. Bulletin of Korea Institute of Ornithology, Kyung Hee University 5: 13-20
  37. Tacha, C. T., A. P. A. Vohs and G. C. Iverson(1987) Time and energy budgets of Sandhill Cranes from mid-continental North America. Journal of Wildlife Management 51(2): 440-448 https://doi.org/10.2307/3801032
  38. Wu, Z. and X. Yang(1992) Red-crowned Cranes at the junction of China, Rusia and Korea. pp 51-54, In: Halvorson, C. H., J. T. Harris and S. M. Smirensk (eds), Cranes and Storks oftheAmur River. Proceedings of the Intl. Crane Workshop. Arts Literature publishers, Moskow. 220pp