References
- AOAC. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 14th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Arlington, Virginia
- Baumgartner, M. and R. Blum. 1997. Typical L-carnitine contents in feedstuffs. Lonza ltd. Technical Report. August 1997. Basel, Switzerland
- Bayram, I., Z. Akinci and H. Uysal. 1999. The effects of Lcarnitine and vitamin C supplementation to quail rations on performance and egg production. J. Fac. Vet. Med. Univ. Yuzuncu Yil 10:32-37. Turkish with english summary
- Bremer, J. 1983. Carnitine: metabolism and functions. Physiol. Rev. 63:1420-1480 https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1983.63.4.1420
- Buyse, J., G. P. J. Janssens and E. Decuypere. 2001. The effects of dietary L-carnitine supplementation on the performance, organ weights and circulating hormone and metabolite concentrations of broiler chickens reared under a normal or low temperature schedule. Br. Poult. Sci. 42:230-241 https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660120048492
- Card, L. E. and M. C. Nesheim. 1972. Poultry Production. 11th edn. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia
- Celik, L. and O. Ozturkcan. 2003. Effects of dietary supplemental L-carnitine and ascorbic acid on performance, carcass composition and plasma L-carnitine concentration of broiler chicks reared under different temperature. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 57:27-38 https://doi.org/10.1080/0003942031000086644
- Celik, L., A. Tekeli and O. Pzturkcan. 2004. The effects of supplemental L-carnitine in drinking water on performance and egg quality of laying hens exposed to a high ambient temperature. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 88:229-233 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2004.00477.x
-
Daskıran, M. and R. G. Teeter. 2001. Effects of dietary L-carnitine (carniking
$^{\circledR}$ ) supplementation on overall performance and carcass characteristics of seven-week-old broiler chickens. Animal Science Research Report. http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/ research/2001rr/35/35.htm - Dawson, B. and R. G. Trapp. 2001. Basic and Clinical Biostatistics. 3rd edn. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division, New York
- Eder, K. 2000. L-carnitine supplementation and the lipid metabolism of rats fed a hyperlipidaemic diet. J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr. 83:132-140 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0396.2000.00259.x
- Eren, M., G. Deniz, S. S. Gezen and I. I. Turkmen. 2000. Effects of humates supplemented to the broiler feeds on fattening performance, serum mineral concentration and bone ash. Vet. J. Ankara Univ. 47:255-263. Turkish with english summary
- Hayirli, A., N. Esenbuga, M. Macit, E. Lacin, M. Karaoglu, H. Karaca and L. Yildiz. 2005. Nutrition practice to alleviate the adverse effects of stress on laying performance, metabolic profile, and egg quality in peak producing hens: I. The humate supplementation. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 18:1310-1319 https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2005.1310
- Islam, K. M. S., A. Schuhmacher and J. M. Gropp. 2005. Humic acid substances in animal agriculture. Pakistan J. Nutr. 4:126- 134 https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2005.126.134
- Kita, K., S. Kato, M. Aman Yaman, J. Okumura and H. Yokota. 2002. Dietary L-carnitine increases plasma insulin-like growth factor-I concentration in chicks fed a diet with adequate dietary protein level. Br. Poult. Sci. 43:117-121 https://doi.org/10.1080/00071660120109980
- Kita, K., S. Nakajima and J. Nakagawa. 2005. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation improves albumen quality of laying hens. J. Poult. Sci. 42:79-83 https://doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.42.79
- Kucukersan, S., K. Kucukersan, I. Colpan, E. Goncuoglu, Z. Reisli and D. Yesilbag. 2005. The effects of humic acid on egg production and egg traits of laying hen. Vet. Med.-Czech. 50:406-410
- Leeson, S. and J. D. Summers. 2001. Nutrition of the Chicken. University Books, Guelph, Canada
- Leibetseder, J. 1995. Untersuchungen uber die Wirkung von Lcarnitin beim Huhn. Arch. Anim. Nutr. 48:97-108 https://doi.org/10.1080/17450399509381832
- Lettner, V. F., W. Zollitsch and E. Halbmayer. 1992. Use of Lcarnitine in the broiler ration. Bodenkultur 43:161-167
-
Lien, T-F. and Y-M. Horng. 2001. The effect of supplementary dietary L-carnitine on the growth performance, serum components, carcase traits and enzyme activities in relation to fatty acid
$\beta$ -oxidation of broiler chickens. Br. Poult. Sci. 42:92-95 https://doi.org/10.1080/713655014 - Ozcelik, H. and S. Yalcin. 2004. The usage of L-carnitine and sodium humate in broiler rations. Vet. J. Ankara Univ. 51:63- 69. Turkish with english summary
- Parks, C., P. R. Ferket, L. N. Thomas and J. L. Grimes. 1986. Growth performance and immunity of turkeys fed high and low crude protein diets supplemented with Menefee humate. Poult. Sci. 75:138-143
- Pettit, R. E. 2004. Organic matter, humus, humate, humic acid, fulvic acid and humin: their importance in soil fertility and plant health. Humate Info. Humate Research and Information. http://www.humate.info/mainpage.htm
- Rabie, M. H., M. Szilagyi and T. Gippert. 1997. Effects of dietary L-carnitine on the performance and egg quality of laying hens from 65-73 weeks of age. Br. J. Nutr. 78:615-623 https://doi.org/10.1079/BJN19970178
- Rabie, M. H. and M. Szilagyi. 1998. Effects of L-carnitine supplementation of diets differing in energy levels on performance, abdominal fat content and yield and composition of edible meat of broilers. Br. J. Nutr. 80:391-400 https://doi.org/10.1079/096582198388256
- Stepchenko, L. M., L. V. Zhorina and L.V. Kravtsova. 1991. The effect of sodium humate on metabolism and resistance in highly productive poultry. Biol. Nauki. 10:90-95
- Tancho, A. 1999. The effect of humic acid supplement on egg performance and egg quality of laying hen during 28-47 weeks of age. 30th Anniversary Kaset Ladkrabang, 24-26 June 1999. http://www.kmitl.ac.th/agritech30/example.doc
- Weeden, T. L., J. L. Nelssen, J. A. Hansen, G. E. Fitzner and R. D. Goodband. 1991.The effect of L-carnitine on starter pig performance and carcass composition. J. Anim. Sci. 69(Suppl.) 105(Abstr.)
- Xu, Z. R., M. Q. Wang, H. X. Mao, X. A. Zhan and C. H. Hu. 2003. Effects of L-carnitine on growth performance, carcass composition, and metabolism of lipids in male broilers. Poult. Sci. 82:408-413 https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/82.3.408
- Yalcin, S., A. Sehu, E. E. Onbasilar and T. Sahin. 2003. The effects of dietary humate and probiotic supplementation on performance of broiler. Vet. J. Ankara Univ. 50:239-244. Turkish with english summary
- Yalcin, S., A. Ergun, H. Erol, S. Yalcin and B. Ozsoy. 2005. Use of L-carnitine and humate in laying quail diets. Acta Vet. Hung. 53:361-370 https://doi.org/10.1556/AVet.53.2005.3.9
- Yoruk, M. A., M. Gul, A. Hayırlı and M. Macit. 2004. The effects of supplementation of humate and probiotic on egg production and quality parameters during the late laying period in hens. Poult. Sci. 83:84-88 https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/83.1.84
Cited by
- L-carnitine improves egg production in black neck ostriches vol.48, pp.10, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1071/EA08132
- Effects of dietary supplementation of fulvic acid on lipid metabolism of finishing pigs1 vol.92, pp.11, 2014, https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2014-8137
- vol.49, pp.10, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1111/are.13798
- Effects of L-carnitine supplementation to diets with different fat sources and energy levels on fatty acid composition of egg yolk of laying hens vol.88, pp.13, 2008, https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.3339
- Productive performance, lipid profile and caecum microbial counts of growing rabbits treated with humic acid vol.104, pp.5, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1111/jpn.13352
- Extracted and Characterized Humic Substances as Feed Supplement in Rabbit Feeding: Effects on Performance, Blood Metabolites and Caecal Fermentation Activity vol.12, pp.10, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-021-01392-3