Acknowledgement
Supported by : Korean National Institute of Health
References
- Baranyi, J. and Roberts, T. A. (1994) A dynamic approach to predicting bacterial growth in food. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 23, 277−294
- Center for disease control. (1979) Botulism in the United States, 1899-1977. Handbook for epidemiologists, clinicians, and laboratory workers. DHEW Publ. No. (CDC) 74-8279, plus additional reports by CDC at annual meetings of the Interagency Botulism Research Coordinating Committee (IBRCC), Washington DC
- Collins, M. D. and East, A. K. (1998) Phylogeny and taxonomy of the food-borne pathogen Clostridium botulinum and its neurotoxins. J. Appl. Microbiol. 84, 5−17 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.1997.00313.x
- Chung, G. T., Kang, D. H., Yoo, C. K., Choi, J. H., and Seong, W. K. (2003) The first outbreak of botulism in Korea. Korean J. Clin. Microbiol. 6, 160−163
- Dupuy, B. and Sonenshein, A. L. (1998) Regulated transcription of Clostridium difficile toxin genes. Mol. Microbiol. 27, 107−120
- Hatheway, C. L. (1990) Toxigenic clostridia. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 3, 66−98
- Kim, S. H., Song, S. H., Kim, Y. J., and Park, S. Y. (2001) Expression and characterization of a recombinant Fab fragment derived from an anti-human alpha-fetoprotein monoclonal antibody. Mol. Cells 11, 158−163
- Klein, D., Janda, P., Steinborn, R., Muller, M., Salmons, B., et al. (1999) Proviral load determination of different feline immunodeficiency virus isolates using real-time polymerase chain reaction : influence of mismatches on quantification. Electrophoresis 20, 291−299 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1522-2683(19990201)20:2<291::AID-ELPS291>3.0.CO;2-R
- Lovenklev, M., Artin, I., Hagberg, O., Borch, E., Holst, E., et al. (2004a) Quantitative interaction effects of carbon dioxide, sodium chloride, and sodium nitrite on neurotoxin gene expression in nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum type B. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70, 2928−2934 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.5.2928-2934.2004
- Lovenklev, M., Holst, E., Borch, E., and Radstrom, P. (2004b) Relative neurotoxin gene expression in Clostridium botulinum type B, determined using quantitative reverse transcription- PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70, 2919−2927 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.5.2919-2927.2004
- Lund, B. M., George, S. M., and Franklin, J. G. (1987) Inhibition of type A and type B (proteolytic) Clostridium botulinum by sorbic acid. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53, 935−941
- Martin, S. (2003) Clostridium botulinum type D intoxication in a dairy herd in Ontario. Can. Vet. J. 44, 493−495
- McGrath, S., Dooley, J. S., and Haylock, R. W. (2000) Quantification of Clostridium botulinum toxin gene expression by competitive reverse transcription-PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66, 1423−1428 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.66.4.1423-1428.2000
- Ornella, R., Michela, S., and Paola, C. (2001) Tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins: turning bad guys into good by reseach. Toxicon 39, 27−41
- Pfaffl, M. W. (2001) A new mathematical model for relative quantification in real-time RT-PCR. Nucleic Acids Res. 29, 2002−2007
- Rocke, T. E., Smith, S. R., and Nashold, S. W. (1998) Preliminary evaluation of a simple in vitro test for the diagnosis of type C botulism in wild birds. J. Wild Dis. 34, 744−751
- Ronning, I. E. and Frank, H. A. (1987) Growth inhibition of putrefactive anaerobe 3679 caused by stringent-type response induced by protonophoric activity of sorbic acid. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 53, 1020−1027
- Sharkey, F. H., Markos, S. I., and Haylock, R. W. (2004) Quantification of toxin-encoding mRNA from Clostridium botulinum type E in media containing sorbic acid or sodium nitrite by competitive RT-PCR. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 232, 139−144 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1097(04)00043-6
- Sofos, J. N., Busta, F. F., and Allen, C. E. (1979a) Botulism control by nitrite and sorbate in cured meats: a review. J. Food Prot. 42, 739−770
- Sofos, J. N., Busta, F. F., and Allen, C. E. (1979b) Sodium nitrite and sorbic acid effects on Clostridium botulinum spore germination and total microbial growth in chicken frankfurter emulsions during temperature abuse. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 37, 1103−1109
- Wictome, M., Newton, K. A., and Jameson, K. (1999) Novel assays for the detection of botulinum toxins in foods. Dev. Biol. Stand. 101, 141−145
- Woods, L. F., Wood, J. M., and Gibs, B. A. (1981) The involvement of nitric oxide in the inhibition of phosphoroclastic system in Clostiridium sporogenes by sodium nitrite. J. Gen. Microbiol. 125, 399−406
- Yoon, S. Y., Chung, G. T., Kang, D. H., Ryu, C. S., Yoo, C. K., et al. (2005) Application of real-time PCR for quantitative detection of Clostridium botulinum type A toxin gene in food. Microbiol. Immunol. 49, 505−511