Integrating Deadline with Laxity for Real-time Scheduling in Multiprocessor Systems

다중처리기 시스템에서 데드라인과 여유시간을 통합한 실시간 스케줄링 기법

  • 조성제 (단국대학교 정보컴퓨터학부 컴퓨터과학전공)
  • Published : 2002.12.01

Abstract

For real-time systems, multiprocessor support is indispensable to handle the large number of requests. Existing real-time on-line scheduling algorithms such as Earliest Deadline First Algorithm (EDF) and Least Laxity Algorithm (LLA) may not be suitable for scheduling real-time tasks in multiprocessor systems. Although EDF has low context switching overhead, it suffers from "multiple processor anomalies." LLA has been shown as suboptimal, but has the potential for higher context switching overhead. Earliest Deadline Zero Laxity (EDZL) solved somewhat the problems of those algorithms, however is suboptimal for only two processors. Another algorithm EDA2 shows very good performance in overload phase, however, is not suboptimal for muitiprocessors. We propose two on-line scheduling algorithms, Earliest Deadline/Least Laxity (ED/LL) and ED2/LL. ED/LL is suboptimal for multiprocessors, and has low context switching overhead and low deadline miss rate in normal load phase. However, ED/LL is ineffective when the system is overloaded. To solve this problem, ED2/LL uses ED/LL or EDZL in normal load phase and uses EDA2 in overload phase. Experimental results show that ED2/LL achieves good performance in overload phase as wet] as in normal load phase.oad phase.

실시간 시스템에서 많은 요청을 처리하기 위해 다중처리기 구조가 필수적이 되었다. EDF나 LLA와 같은 기존의 실시간 온라인 스케줄링 알고리즘들은 다중처리기 시스템에서 실시간 태스크들을 스케줄링하는 데 적합하지 않다. EDF의 경우 문맥교환 오버헤드가 낮지만 다중처리기 이상현상을 보이며, LLA의 경우 준최적이지만 문맥교환 오버헤드가 높다. EDZL은 두 알고리즘의 문제점을 일부 해결하였으나 세 개 이상의 처리기에서는 준최적이 아니다. EDA2는 과부하 단계에서 좋은 성능을 보이지만 준최적이 아니다. 본 논문에서는 새로운 두개의 온라인 스케줄링 알고리즘 ED/LL과 ED2/LL을 제안한다. ED/LL은 다중처리기에서 준최적이며, 정상부하 단계에서 낮은 문맥교환 오버헤드와 높은 성공률을 보인다. 그러나, 시스템이 과부하 상태가 되면 ED/LL은 비효율적이다. 이를 해결하기 위해, ED2/LL은 정상 부하 단계에서는 ED/LL 또는 EDZL을 사용하고 과부하 단계에서는 EDA2를 사용한다. 실험을 통해 ED2/LL이 정상부하 단계에서는 물론 과부하 단계에서도 좋은 성능을 보임을 확인할 수 있었다.

Keywords

References

  1. R. Clark, 'Scheduling dependent real-time activities', PhD thesis, Computer Science Department, CarnegieMellon University, 1990
  2. S. Baruah, G. Koren, B. Mishra, A. Raghunathan, L. Rosier, and D. Shasha, 'On-line scheduling in the presence of overload', 1991 IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, pp.100-110, Oct. 1991 https://doi.org/10.1109/SFCS.1991.185354
  3. S. Baruah, G. Koren, D. Mao, B. Mishra, A. Raghunathan, L. Rosier, D. Shasha, and F. Wang, 'On the competitiveness of on-line real-time task Scheduling', Proc. of 12th Real-Time Systems Symp., pp.106-115, Dec. 1991 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00365406
  4. C. D. Locke, 'Best-effort decision making for real-time scheduling', PhD thesis, Computer Science Department, Carnegie-Mellon University, 1996
  5. C. Liu and J. Layland, 'Scheduling algorithms for multiprogramming in a hard real-time environment', Journal of the ACM, vol.20, no.1, pp.46-61, 1973 https://doi.org/10.1145/321738.321743
  6. M. L. Dertouzos and A. K. Mok, 'Multiprocessor on-line scheduling of hard-real-time tasks', IEEE Trans. on Software Engineering, vol.15, no.12, pp.1497-1506, Dec. 1989 https://doi.org/10.1109/32.58762
  7. J. Y.-T. Leung, 'A new algorithm for scheduling periodic, real-time tasks', Algorithmica, vol.4, pp.209-219, 1989 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01553887
  8. A. Srinivasan and S. Baruah. 'Deadline-based Scheduling of Periodic Task Systems on Multiprocessors', Information Processing Letters, Accepted for ublication https://doi.org/10.1016/S0020-0190(02)00231-4
  9. S. K. Lee and D. Epley, 'On-line scheduling algorithms of real-time sporadic tasks in multiprocessor systems', Technical Report 92-3, Computer Science, University of Iowa,, 1992
  10. S. K. Lee, 'On-line multiprocessor scheduling algorithms for real-time tasks'. Proc. IEEE Region 10's Ninth Annual International Conf., pp.607-611, Aug. 1994 https://doi.org/10.1109/TENCON.1994.369148
  11. S. Cho, S. K. Lee and H. Yoo, 'On-line scheduling algorithms for hard real-time sporadic tasks', Journal of KISS(A), vol.25, no.7, pp.708-718, July 1998
  12. H. Chetto and M. Chetto, 'Some results of the earliest deadline scheduling algorithm', IEEE Trans. Software Engineering, vol.15, no.10, pp.1261-1269, Oct. 1989 https://doi.org/10.1109/TSE.1989.559777
  13. K. Jeffay, 'Scheduling sporadic tasks with shared resources in hard-real-time systems', Proc. of 13th IEEE Real-time Systems Symp., pp.89-99, Dec. 1992
  14. S. Baruah, 'Fairness in periodic real-time scheduling', Proc. of 16th IEEE Real-time Systems Symp., pp.200-209, Dec. 1995
  15. S. Baruah, N. Cohen, C. G. Plaxton, and D. Varvel, 'Proportionate progress: a notion of fairness in resource allocation', Algorithmica, vol.15, pp.600-625, 1996 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01940883
  16. S. Baruah, J. Gehrke and C. G. Plaxton, 'Fast scheduling of periodic tasks on mulitiple resources', Proc. 9th International Parallel Processing Symp., pp.280-288, 1995 https://doi.org/10.1109/IPPS.1995.395946
  17. I. Ripoll, A. Crespo, and A. Garcia-Fornes, 'An optimal algorithm for scheduling soft aperiodic tasks in dynamic-priority preemptive systems', IEEE Trans. on Software Engineering, vol.23, no.6, pp.388-400, Jun. 1997 https://doi.org/10.1109/32.601081