A Review of the Possible Causes of Negative Source Impedance in Fluid Machines

유체기계에 있어서 부의 음원 임피던스의 원인에 관한 고찰

  • ;
  • Keith S. Peat
  • 이정권 (한국과학기술원 기계공학과) ;
  • Published : 2001.04.01

Abstract

Most fluid machines can be considered as periodic noise sources when operated under constant conditions, which allows for a frequency domain representation of the source and the associated acoustic field In the duct. In such a representation, the source is characterized by frequency-dependent values of both strength and impedance. Although knowledge of these values can be gained by either experimentation or by modeling, one-port acoustic characteristics of an in-duct source with high flow velocity, high temperature, and high sound level can be measured only by the multiload method using an overdetermined set of open pipes with different lengths as applied loads. However, the problem is that negative source resistances have been often measured. This paper reviews the possible causes of the problem, with reference to experimental and theoretical results, in an attempt to clarify the issue. A new interpretation is given for the violation of basic assumptions and the defect in the algorithm of multiload method. The major cause and mechanism of the problem is due to the violation of time invariance assumption of the source and the load impedance can seriously affect the final measured result of source impedance.

대부분의 유체기계는 일정 조건하에서는 주기적인 소음 원들로 간주될 수 있으며, 소음원 및 관련 덕트의 음향계를 주파수영역으로 표현이 가능하게 되는데, 음원은 주파수의 함수인 음원강도와 음원 임피던스로 표현된다. 이들 변수를 알아내기 위하여는 다양한 이론적, 실험적 방법이 있으나, 고속, 고온, 고강도의 유체 기계와 같은 단일 연결구를 갖는 음원에 대하여는 다양한 길이의 많은 관들을 부하로 사용하는 다부하법만이 적용 가능하다. 문제는 이 다부하법을 적용했을 때, 음원 임피던스의 실수부가 부의 값을 갖는 경우가 많다는 점이다. 본 논문에서는 이 문제의 명확한 원인분석을 위한 일환으로서, 다양한 이론적 실험적 결과에 대한 분석을 바탕으로 하여 가능한 여러 가지 원인에 대한 물리적 조사 결과를 보이고, 분석 결과에 대한 새로운 해석을 통해 기본 가정의 위배와 함께 다부하법 자체의 문제점을 제시한다 유체 기계 덕트에서는 다른 무엇보다도 음원의 시변성이 부의 음원저항을 낳는데 가장 큰 영향을 미치게 되며, 부하 임피던스가 최종 결과에 지대한 영향을 미치게 된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Acoustics of Ducts and Mufflers M. L. Munjal
  2. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. v.58 no.supp. No. 1 Measurement of the acoustic impedance of an internal combustion engine G. Galaitsis;E. K. Bender
  3. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. v.74 Measurement of the acoustical internal impendance of an internal combustion engine D. F. Ross;M. J. Crocker
  4. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. v.61 Experimental determination of acoustic properties using a two-microphone random-excitation technique A. F. Seybert;D. F. Ross
  5. J. Sound Vib. v.137 The two-microphone method incorporating the effects of mean flow and acoustic damping M. L. Munjal;A. G. Doige
  6. Proc. Inter Noise v.84 An automated measurement system of complex sound pressure reflection coefficients T. Fujimori;S. Sato;H. Miura
  7. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. v.103 On the multiple microphone method for measuring in-duct acoustic properties in the presence of mean flow S.-H. Jang;J.-G. Ih
  8. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. v.65 Experimental evaluation of the aeroacoustic characteristics of a source of pulsating gas flow M. L. Kathuriya;M. L. Munjal
  9. J. Sound Vib. v.114 A four load method for evaluation of acoustical source impedance in a duct M. G. Prasad
  10. J. Sound Vib. v.90 On the measurement of the internal source impedance of a multicylinder engine exhaust system M. G. Prasad;M. J. Crocker
  11. J. Sound Vib. v.175 A least squares method for evaluation of characteristics of acoustical sources L. Desmons;J. Hardy
  12. J. Sound Vib. v.180 On multi-load methods for determination of the source data of acoustic one-port sources H. Boden
  13. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. v.107 Refined multi-load method for measuring acoustical source characteristics of an intake or exhaust system S.-H. Jang;J.-G. Ih
  14. Proc. 7th WESTPRAC Simulation of a simplified intake or exhaust system to investigate measurement methods for in-duct acoustical source properties S.-H. Jang;J.-G. Ih
  15. Phys. Rev. v.73 On the radiation of sound from an un-flanged circular pipe H. Levine;J. Schwinger
  16. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. v.42 Acoustic nonlinearity of an orifice U. Ingard;H. Ising
  17. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. v.48 Nonlinear distorition of sound transmitted through an orifice U. Ingard
  18. 137th Meeting of the Acoust. Soc. Am. & 2nd Meeting of the EAA: Forum Acusticum (CD ROM version), Berlin, Germany Negative resistances in nonlinear lumped acoustic systems and IC-engine source data F. Albertson
  19. Proc. Inter Noise v.98 In-duct acoustic oneport sources, linear or nonlinear H. Boden;F. Albertson
  20. J. Sound Vib. v.148 The multiple load method for measuring the source characteristics of time-variant sources H. Boden
  21. J. Sound Vib. v.142 Acoustic transmission properties of a jet pipe with subsonic jet flow:Ⅰ. The cold jet reflection coefficient R. M. Munt
  22. To appear at J. Sound Vib An analytical investigation of the indirect measurement method of estimating the acoustic impendance of a time-varying source K. S. Peat;J.-G. Ih