Au-Ag-Te Mineralization by Boiling and Dilution of Meteoric Ground-water in the Tongyeong Epithermal sold System, Korea: Implications from Reaction Path Modeling

광화유체의 비등과 희석에 의한 통영 천열수계 Au-Ag-Te 장화작용에 대한 반응경로 모델링

  • Maeng-Eon Park (Department of Environmental Geosciences, Pukyoung National University, Busan, 608-737, Republic of Korea) ;
  • Kyu-Youl Sung (Laurence P. James James Geoassociates, Colorado, USA And University of Colorado, Boulder Campus, 80309-0399, USA)
  • Published : 2001.12.01

Abstract

At the Tongyeong mine, quartz, rhodochrosite (kutnahorite), muscovite, illite, pyrite, galena, chalcopyrite. sphalerite, acanthite, and hessite are the principal vein minerals. They were deposited under epithermal conditions in two stages. Ore mineral assemblages and associated gangue phases in stage can be clearly divided into two general associations: an early cycle (band) that appeared with introduction of most of the sulfides and electrum, and a later cycle in which base metal and carbonate-bearing assemblages (mostly rhodochrosite) became dominant. Tellurides and some electrum occur as small rounded grains within subhedral-to euhedral pyrite or anhedral galena in stageII. Sulfide mineralization is zoned from pyrite to galena and sphalerite. We have used computer modeling to simulate formation of four stages of vein genesis. The reaction of a single fluid with andesite host rock at 28$0^{\circ}C$, isobaric cooling of a single fluid from 26$0^{\circ}C$ to 12$0^{\circ}C$, and boiling and mixing of a fluid with both decreasing pressure and temperature were studied using the CHILLER program. Calculations show that the precipitation of alteration minerals is due to fluid-andesite interaction as temperature drops. Speciation calculations confirm that the hydrothermal fluids with moderately high salinities and pH 5.7 (acid), were capable of transporting significant quantities of base metals. The abundance of gold in fluid depends critically on the ratio of total base metals and iron to sulfide in the aqueous phase because gold is transported as an Au(HS)$_2$- complex, which is sensitive to sulfide activity. Modeling results for Tongyeong mineralization show strong influence of shallow hydrogenic processes such as boiling and fluid mixing. The variable handing in stageII mineralization is best explained by maltiple boilings of hydrothermal fluid followed by lateral mixing of the fluid with overlying diluted, steam-heated ground water. The degree of similarity of calculated mineral assemblages and observed electrum composition and field relationships shows the utility of the numerical simulation method in identifying chemical processes that accompany boiling and mixing in Te-bearing Au-Ag system. This has been applied in models to narrow the search area for epithermal ores.

통영광산은 첨열수광상으로서 능망간석 , 백운모, 일라이트, 황철석 , 방연석 , 황동석 , 섬아연석 , 아칸다이트 및 헤사이트등의 광물을 수반하는 초기의 광석광물 침전시기와 후기의 맥석광물 침전시기로 구분된다. 초기는 반복적인 대상구조를 띠고, 황화광물이 침전된 시기로서 텔루리움 광물과 함께 엘렉트럼이 산출된다. 후기에는 주로 단산염 광물과 천금속광물이 침전되었다. 통영 열수계에서 광화단계에 따른 상이한 열수유체의 변천과정을 구체적으로 규명하기 위하여 프로그램 CHILLER를 이용한 수치모델링이 실시되었다. 반응경로 모델링은 28$0^{\circ}C$에서 모암인 안산암과의 반응을 비롯하여, 27$0^{\circ}C$에서 12$0^{\circ}C$까지의 단순한 등압 냉각, 비등과 지하수의 혼입에 따른 희석 및 압력파 온도가 감소되는 조건에서 수행하였다. 모델링 결과 초기 광화유체는 산성용액(pH=5.7)으로 상대적으로 높은 염농도와 금속원소 함량이 높다. 장화유체 내의 금의 함량은 열수계의 천금속원소 총량과 황화물의 활동도에 의해 지배된다. 통영 천열수계에서의 광화작용은 천부에서 일어난 참화유체의 비등과 이에 수반된 가열된 지하수의 흔입에 의한 반응경로를 반영하며, 현미경에서 관찰된 광물공생 특성과 모델링에 의한 침전광물의 조합 및 엘렉트럼의 화학조성 등에서 동일한 경향을 나타낸다. 이러한 유사성은 Te 함유하는 천열수 금 . 은광상이 열수계에서의 비등과 유체혼합(희석)에 의해 생성되었음을 지시한다. 반응경로 모델링 연구는 광상성인을 이해하는 중요한 수단이며, 유사한 지질환경에서의 광강탐사에 유용한 자료로 활용될 것으로 생각된다.

Keywords

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