• 대한수의학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.301-305
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• 2003

To evaluate the effects of Zoletil (tiletamine- zolazepam) that have been widely used for the chemical restraint and anesthesia of primates, on physiologic alteration, blood gas analysis and anesthetic duration in the Japanese macaque(Macaca fuscata), this study was carried out. Zoletil was administered by intramuscular injection. Evaluation of temperature, heart rate, respiration rate and blood gas analysis were performed before administration and at 1, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min after administration, and induction and maintenance time was recorded. There was no significant difference in heart rate, $PCO_2$, $PO_2$ after Zoletil administration rut temperature, respiraticn rate, pH were significant difference compared with these of Mere administration. The induction time was $2.5{\pm}1.0min$ and maintenance time was $86{\pm}23.2min$. It was considered that Zoletil could be usefully used for the sedation and immobilization of Japanese macaque reared in zoological garden.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.221-226
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• 1993

To study effective dossage and administration route for scaling, ketamine HCl/propionyl promazine HCl(ketamine) combination and tiletamine HCl/zolazepam HCl(zoletil) were administered in one hundred six dogs. The dogs were toy poodle, Yorkshire Terrier, Pekingese and Chihuahua. Scaling and polishing time, possible treatment time after the first injection of anesthetics, the number of anethesia added, presence of tongue movement during anesthesia, the presence of swaying sign during recovery and respiration were evaluated. The possible treatment time after the first Injection of anesthetic in toy poodle were 26.3${\pm}$3.0 minutes with intravenous(IM) treatment of ketamine 10mg/kg, and 21.4${\pm}$6.6 minutes with intramuscula(IM) treatment of zoletil 8mg/kg, In Yorkshire Terrier were 19.51: 1.7 minutes with IV treatment of ketamine 10mg/kg. 19.0${\pm}$5.2 minutes IM and 20.8${\pm}$6.1 minutes with IM treatment of zoletil 5mg/kg,24.8${\pm}$3,5 minutes with IM treatment of zoletil 8mg/kg. In pekingese were 27.5${\pm}$2.1 minutes with IM treatment of ketamine 10mg/kg,28.0${\pm}$4.2 minutes with IM treatment of zoletil 8mg/kg. In Chihuahua were 19.5${\pm}$1.9 minutes with IV treatment of ketamine 7mg/kg, 17.5${\pm}$1.7 minutes with IM treatment of ketamine 10mg/kg and 20.3${\pm}$3.8 minutes with IM treatment of zoletil 5mg/kg, 21.2${\pm}$5.5 minutes with IM treatment of zoletil 8mg/kg. Swaying sign was observed in all group during recovery time, espically, in toy poodle and Yorkshire Terrier which administered zoletil 8mg/kg IM showed more severe swaying sign. The present results suggested that injection of zoletil 8mg/kg IM might be relatively effective for scaling in Chihuahua Within 20 minutes treatment for scaling in Yorkshire Terrier and Chihuahua, IM treatment of ketamine 7 to 10mg/kg is recommended.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제11권1호
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• pp.23-27
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• 2013

Zoletil is a non-opioid, non-barbiturate animal anesthetic and proprietary combination of two drugs, a dissociative anesthetic drug, tiletamine, with the benzodiazepine anxiolytic drug, zolazepam. Zoletil has greater potency than ketamine. Zoletil is abused for recreational purposes, especially by people with easy access to medicine. However, in Korea, it is available over-the-counter. Here we report on a case of an 83-year-old woman who received injection of seven vials of "Zoletil 50" by her daughter and presented with an altered mental change. Her mental state was stupor and vital sign was hypotension, bradycardia. Her blood tests indicated metabolic and respiratory acidosis and hyperkalemia. She was treated with intravenous naloxone and flumazenil but was not responsive. She was admitted to the ICU and treated with supportive therapy. Her mental state showed transient recovery, however, her clinical manifestation worsened and she expired.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.104-108
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• 2007

연구의 목적은 고양이에서 $Zoletil^{(R)}$과 medetomidine 약물 마취 시 atipamezole의 임상적 길항 효과를 보기 위함이다. 마취를 하고 다시 회복되는 동안에 체온, 심박수, 호흡수를 측정하였다. 이 연구에는 12 마리의 건강한 한국 잡종 고양이를 사용하였다. 각 6마리씩 무작위로 선별하여 대조군($Zoletil^{(R)}$ 과 medetomidine, ZM)과 실험군 ($Zoletil^{(R)}$, medetomidine 과 길항제인 atipamezole, ZMA) 두 군으로 나누었다. 모든 고양이들은 투여 전 15분, 주사후 5분, 25분, 65분, 105분에 평가하였으며, 길항제인 atipamezole은 마취 주사 후 20분에 근육 주사 하였다. 회복 시간, 심박수, 호흡수는 두 군간 유의성이 있는 결과를 보였고 체온은 유의성을 나타내지 않았다. 두 군 모두 $Zoletil^{(R)}$과 medetomidine 마취 주사 후 4분 내에 횡와 되는 결과를 보였고 마취 시간도 3시간 가까이 지속해 고양이에 있어서 이들 약물이 좋은 마취 효과가 있음을 보여 주었다. 회복 시 마취 부작용은 거의 보이지 않았다. 고양이가 마취에서 회복되어 기립 자세를 하기까지 걸리는 시간이 ZM 군에서는 $210.8{\pm}45.6$ 시간으로 나타났고, ZMA 군에서는 $154.32{\pm}21.1$ 시간으로 나타났다. 길항제를 투여한 ZMA군에서 회복시간이 거의 한 시간 가까이 단축되어 ZMA 군이 ZM 군보다 회복이 빠르다는 결과를 보였다. 본 연구에서 atipamezole은 medetomidine-tiletamine/zolazepam으로 병용 마취된 고양이에서 유용한 회복효과를 발휘하였다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.330-335
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• 2010

이 연구의 목적은 돼지에 있어서 zoletil/midazolam (TZM)과 zoletil/xylazine (TZX)의 2가지 병용마취를 사용하였을 때의 마취효과와 심혈관계 및 호흡에 미치는 영향을 비교하기 위하여 실시하였다. 총 8 마리의 Landrace $\times$ Yorkshire 교잡종 돼지 ($25.3{\pm}3.3\;kg$)를 사용하였으며, 각 군마다 4 마리씩 2개 군으로 실험을 실시하였다. 첫 번째 군은 xylazine과 tiletamine/zolazepam을 2 mg/kg 용량으로 근육 내 주사하였고(TZX군), 2번째 군은 midazolam 0.5 mg/kg의 용량을 정맥 내 주사 하고 tiletamine/zolazepam 2 mg/kg 용량으로 근육 내 주사하였다(TZM군). 마취시간에 대한 평가로 induction time, anesthesia time과 standing time을 각 돼지마다 측정하였으며, 마취효과에 대한 평가로 진정, 진통, 근 이완, 자세 그리고 청각반응을 점수화 하여 매 15분마다 측정하였다. 심폐기능에 대한 평가로 심박동수와 동맥혈압, 호흡수, 직장체온을 마취 전, 마취직후, 마취 후 5분, 15분, 30분, 45분 및 60분에 각각 측정하였고, 동맥혈 가스 분석을 동일시간대에 실시하였다. 실험 결과 모든 돼지에서의 마취는 성공적이었다. 2가지 병용마취 모두 부드러운 마취 유도와 적절한 운동억제 효과를 보였으나 마취효과점수에서는 TZM군이 TZX군보다 우수하였으며, TZM군이 TZX군 보다 심폐기능 및 체온에 미치는 영향이 적으며 안정적인 것을 확인하였다. 결론적으로, TZM군은 TZX군에 비하여 더욱 양호한 마취효과를 보였으며, 심폐기능에 미치는 영향은 보다 적게 나타내었다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.168-171
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• 2004

The effects of alterations of dose of xylaznie (X) and Zoltil$\circledR$ (TZ) on canine anesthesia were examined. Experimental groups were divided into three (Group 1: X 1.1 mg/kg and TZ 10 mg/kg, Group 2: X 1.65 mg/kg and TZ 7.5 mg/kg, Group 3: X 2.2 mg/kg and TZ 5 mg/kg), and each had 5 dogs. A femoral artery was catheterized for measurement of blood pressure, and baseline value was measured. The dogs were sedated with xylazine intramuscularly, then after 10 minutes TZ were injected intravenously. Mean arterial blood pressures (MAP), duration of analgesia, mean arousal time (MAT) and mean walking time (MWT) after TZ injection were measured, and the depth of analgesia and the quality of recovery were scored. The values of MAP were recorded from the time of pre-xylazine injection to arousal. Duration of analgesia and was assessed by tail clamping test, and which were done at 10 minutes intervals after TZ injection. The decreases of MAP from 40 minutes after TZ injection were significant (p<0.05). In group 2, MAP at 20 minutes, and from 40 minutes to arousal were significantly decreased (p<0.05). In group 3, MAP were significantly decreased from 40 minutes. MAT were 62.2$\pm$9.2 minutes in group 1, 60.2$\pm$7.5 minutes in group 2, and 71.0$\pm$6.9 minutes in group 3. MAT in group 3 was significantly increased compared with group 2 (p<0.05), and the differences of MWT among each groups were not significant (p>0.05). The scores of quality of recovery were significantly lowered in group 3 compared with group 1 or group 2, which means the side effects of recovery were less occurred. Thus, it was considered that the combination X 2.2 mg/kg IM and TZ 5 mg/kg IV is more effective to surgical procedures and to prevent long and rough recovery of Zoletil anesthesia.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.194-197
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• 2005

그린 이구아나에서 medetomidine과 tiletamine/zolazepam의 병용마취효과를 알아보기 위하여 본 실험을 실시하였다. Medetomidine은 MZ50, MZ100 및 MZ150 군에서 각각 50, 100 및 150 ${\mu}g/kg$를 사용하였다. Tiletamine/zolazepam ($Zoletil^{(R)}$)은 모든 군에서 10 mg/kg을 적용하였다. 10마리의 건강한 이구아나 (420-490 g)를 2주 간격으로 3회 실험 하였다. 심박동수, 호습수 그리고 체온을 측정하였으며 righting reflex를 통해 마취 심도를 평가하였다. 모든 군에서 심박동수와 호흡수는 마취주사 5분 후에 유의성 있는 감소를 보였으며 (P<0.05) 30분 후에는 지속적으로 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 본 연구결과 medetomidine 100 ${\mu}g/kg$과 tiletamine/zolazepam 10 mg/kg의 병용이 그린이구아나에서 빠르고 안정적이며 효과적인 마취를 제공한다고 생각된다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2008

Background : Acupuncture has been used as a clinical treatment in Oriental medicine for various diseases including pain relief. The descending pain control system of periaqueductal gray (PAG) is a powerful pain control system in mammalians. Expression of c-Fos is used as a marker for stimuli-induced metabolic changes of neurons. Objective : In the present study, the effects of acupuncture on analgesic effect in visceral pain were investigated through the writhing reflex and c-Fos expression in ventrolateral PAG (vlPAG) area using immunohistochemistry in mice. Method : For the writhing test, mice were divided into five groups. Immediately after finishing the behavioral test, the animals were weighed and overdosed with Zoletil. After a complete lack of response was observed, the brains of the mice were dissected into serial coronal sections, and c-Fos immunohistochemistry was performed. Statistical analysis of all data was performed using one-way ANOVA. Result : The present results showed that acupuncture affected the writhing reflex and that Choksamni (zusnali) acupoint and aspirin significantlysuppressed acetic acid treatment-induced increased writhing reflex, and the expression of c-Fos in vlPAG was significantly increased in the acupunctured group. Conclusion : The present study suggests that acupuncture has an antinociceptive effect on acetic acid-induced visceral pain by increase of c-Fos expression in mice. Aspirin also showed analgesic effect, however the mechanism is different from the acupuncture.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.167-174
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• 2011

Acute ischemic stroke results from sudden decrease or loss of blood supply to an area of the brain, resulting in a coinciding loss of neurological function. The antioxidant action of melatonin is an important mechanism among its known effects to protective activity during ischemic/reperfusion injury. The focus of this research, therapeutic efficacy of melatonin on recovery of neurological function following long term treatment in ischemic brain injured rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=40; 8 weeks old) were divided into the control group, and MCAo groups (Vehicle, MT7 : MCAo+ melatonin injection at 7:00, MT19 : MCAo+melatonin injection at 19:00, and MT7,19 : MCAo+melatonin injection at 7:00 and 19:00). Rat body weight and neurological function were measured every week for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, the rats were anesthetized with a mixture of zoletil (40 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) and sacrificed for further analysis. Tissues were then collected for RNA isolation from brain tissue. Also, brain tissues were analyzed by histological procedures. We elucidated that melatonin was not toxic in vital organs. MT7,19 was the most rapidly got back to mild symptom on test of neurological parameter. Also, exogenous melatonin induces both the down-regulation of detrimental genes, such as NOSs and the up-regulation of beneficial gene, including BDNF during long term administration after focal cerebral ischemia. Melatonin treatment reduced the loss of primary motor cortex. Therefore, we suggest that melatonin could be act as prophylactic as well as therapeutic agent for neurorehabilitative intervention.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.18-21
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• 2006

그린 이구아나에서 medetomidine과 tiletamine/zolazepam의 병용마취시 atipamezole에 의한 길항효과를 알아 보기 위하여 본 실험을 실시하였다. 심박동수, 호흡수 그리고 체온을 측정하였으며 righting reflex에 의하여 마취의 심도 및 회복을 평가하였다. 두군 모두에서 심박동수와 호흡수는 마취주사 5분 후에 유의성 있는 감소를 보였으며 (p<0.05) atipamezole 주사 후에는 지속적으로 증가하는 양상을 보였다. 본 연구결과 atipamezole $500{\mu}g/kg$은 medetomidine $500{\mu}g/kg$과 liletamine/zolazepam 10mg/kg의 병용마취를 실시한 그린 이구아나에서 효과적인 길항 용량이라고 생각된다.