• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.341-350
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• 2019

Garlic is one of the most popular seasoning bulb vegetables in Korea and is the most commonly used food ingredient. However, the cultivation areas are decreasing every year as the price drops due to imported garlic, and labor is insufficient to produce garlic by conventional methods. Cultivation requires various tasks until garlic is harvested. Seeding is one of the important and laborious tasks; thus, mechanization is necessary. When seeding garlic, the sprout should face upwards; otherwise, it may rot or produce poor quality garlic. This study investigated the extent of growth of northern- and southern-type garlic in eight different positions. The results show when the roots were not planted properly, the stems were weak, and the garlic bulbs were small. A simple garlic planter was manufactured with a crank-press mechanism to plant garlic in an upright position. Using this machine, a three-fold experiment was carried out with 100 strips of garlic. The test results showed that 99.4% of the planted garlic strips were positioned upright or close to being upright, and 0.6% failed to take root. An image processing algorithm was developed to locate the root part of the garlic, and the result showed a success rate of 81%. A future study will develop an automatic garlic upright planting system with a viewing system.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.65-66
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• 2005

Anaerobic digestion is one of the well-known methods for biological treatment handling of concentrated organic matter such as swine $wastewater.^{1)} The anaerobic digestion can reduce organic loading but also hydrolyze non-biodegradable organic $matter.^{2)}$ The feces from the scrapper-type barn are usually collected to make compost and the urine is discarded with swine-slurry wastewater by ocean-dumping or treated by biological methods. The lagoon, aerobic digestion, anaerobic digestion, SBR, $A^{2}/O$, and UCT have been applied for treating swine $wastewater.^{3)} In this study, as a result of the analysis of swine wastewater, the total and soluble chemical oxygen demand was 130g/L and 60g/L, respectively. And the volatile fatty acid as chemical oxygen demand equivalent was 45g/L, which was 75% of soluble chemical oxygen demand. Before everything else, ammonia nitrogen concentration was 6.5 g/L. From biochemical acidogenic potential test, it was concluded that the enhanced acidification process to manage swine waste should be operated in the ammonia nitrogen concentration of less than 1.2 g/L. In the result of seeding ratio experiments with artificial $wastewater^{4)}, the lag period of acidogens was taken the long time because of the inhibition by the $ammonia^{5)}$, however no difference of period by the seeding ratio was not shown. The Haldane-based biokinetics were also evaluated using a method of fourth order Runge-Kutta $approximation.^{6,7)}$ The nonlinear least squares (NLLS) method with a 95% confidence interval was also used. The ranges of maximum microbial growth rate, ${/mu_{max}}$, and half saturation coefficient, $K_{s}$, for acidogenesis of various seeding ratio with artificial wastewater were 6.1 ~ 12.6 $d^{-1}$ and 45,000 ~ 53,500 mg glucose/L, respectively. Also, the methanogenic microbial yield coefficient, Y, and microbial decay rate coefficient, $k_{d}$, and inhibition substrate concentration, $K_{si}$, for the reactors were determined to be 0.32 ~ 0.465 ${/mu}g$/mg glucose; 0.42 ~ 1.01 $d^{-1}$ and 51,500 ~ 55,600 mg glucose/L, respectively.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.75-83
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• 2002

The back-filled soil of the New Incheon International Airport construction site was reclaimed with sea sand in near the Young-Jong island. The primary study was carried out from August 1993 to June 1997 to study soil amendment and to select salt resistance turfgrass species. This study dealt with low maintenance area that included most part of open space of airport site. The second experiment, from October 1996 to August 1998, focused on soil amendment and selection of turfgrass species for alongside runway where turf area was maintained. Through two previous studies, propagation methods with zoysiagrass were tested for alongside runway and surrounding areas at 1998. The study of construction methods with zoysiagrass, vegetative propagation showed better results on visual quality and cover rating compare with seeding propagation. However, significant different between vegetative and seeding propagation was not showed on visual quality and drought tolerance after one year of plot establishment. The cover rating by seeding construction methods reached in excess of 70% of limitation suggested by the Incheon International Airport Cooperation. Zoysia net and sprigging net methods were the most suitable where there requires rapid and high rate of ground cover. Seeding propagation should be acceptable to obtain a resonable cover rating where there allows relatively longer period of completion. Therefore, it should be possible to attain a proper rating of ground cover on the site of open space, alongside runway or areas similar to the New Incheon International Airport which is being built on dredged seashore sand. However, the methods of soil amendment, selecting salt tolerance species, and proper construction procedure should be considered at the a time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.82-91
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• 2009

Research was initiated to investigate vegetation characteristics of native ('Pureundle' and 'Sewon') and introduced ('Brilliant' and 'Midnight') Kentucky bluegrass (KB, Poa pratensis L.) varieties by soil-seed applying system on a cut-slope in May 17, 2008. There were no statistic differences observed in soil hardness and soil moisture content while significant differences were observed in surface coverage rate, height and disease occurrence in native and introduced KB varieties. The introduced 'Brilliant' KB was highest in the surface coverage rate from the early period of seeding to August 11, 2008. The surface coverage rate of introduced varieties were high when compared to native varieties in their early growth stage. But native varieties reached to equal surface coverage rate with the introduced varieties when three months after seeding. The height of 'Pureundle' and 'Brilliant' KBs were high compared with Midnight and Sewon KBs. 'Pureundle' and 'Brilliant' KBs were damaged by disease whereas there were no disease occurrence in 'Midnight' and 'Sewon' KBs. Probably, the disease occurrence was close related with the height of KBs not with native and introduced KB varieties. These results indicate that the growth of KB on a cut-slope are statistically affected by varieties in early growth stage of this experiment but reach equal rate between native and introduced KB varieties in three months after seeding. This growth characteristics implies the huge potential of native KB varieties seeding for cut-slope vegetation. Considering that native KB varieties are adapted to a environment and have no risk of causing disturbance to the ecosystem compared to the introduced KB varieties, the use of them as native varieties for a cut-slope vegetation can be increased.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.7
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• pp.569-577
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• 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the growth of Cichorium intybus, Brassica juncea, and Lactuca sativa at varying seed ratios, and to suggest an efficient management plan for sustainable indoor agriculture systems. It was treated with mixed sowing as follows: 30 chicory seeds (chicory alone: CC), 22 chicory seeds + 8 lettuce seeds (C₃L₁), 20 chicory seeds + 10 lettuce seeds (C₂L₁), 15 chicory seeds + 15 lettuce seeds (C₁L₁) as intraspecies, and 30 mustard seeds (mustard alone: MC), 22 mustard seeds + 8 lettuce seeds (M₃L₁), 20 mustard seeds + 10 lettuce seeds (M₂L₁), 15 mustard seeds + 15 lettuce seeds (M₁L₁) as interspecies. The study identified the competitive response in seed germination between Cichorium intybus and Lactuca sativa, and in the C₃L₁ experimental group, Lactuca sativa had the highest leaf length, root length, chlorophyll content, and fresh weight. Therefore, the higher the ratio of Cichorium intybus, the higher the growth and productivity of Lactuca sativa; however, higher the ratio of Lactuca sativa, the lower the growth of Cichorium intybus. Furthermore, the nitrogen and potassium content in the substrate was the highest in the C₃L₁ experimental grorp which had the highest seeding rate of the Cichorium intybus. Comparing the groups Brassica juncea and Lactuca sativa, the higher the seeding ratio of Lactuca sativa, the higher the growth and productivity of Brassica juncea. Therefore, a companion seeding of Brassica juncea and Lactuca sativa is beneficial; this could be effective in having a high seeding ratio of Lactuca sativa.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of seeding timing and method of rye and/or hairy vetch on seasonal soil and foliar nutrient concentrations as well as fruit quality in a pesticide-free pear orchard. METHODS AND RESULTS: The treatments included as followed: single seeding of rye in September (Sep-Mono), November (Nov-Mono), and January (Jan-Mono), or mix seeding of rye+hairy vetch in November (Nov-Mix) and January (Jan-Mix), or sod culture as a control. Cover crops or vegetation was mown and mulched on the soil surface in April and May for two years. Nov-Mix treatment produced the highest dry matter weight of $12,070kg\;ha^{-1}$, with the lowest dry matter weight for sod culture ($6,520kg\;ha^{-1}$), following Jan-Mix ($7,030kg\;ha^{-1}$). Nov-Mix treatments increased potential amount of N, P, and K from the raw materials of the cover crops as well as improved soil physical properties. Nov-Mix treatments overall elevated soil pH, EC, organic matter, and $P_2O_5$ in May compared to other cover crop treatments or sod culture. The difference of the seasonal nutrient concentrations in leaves or fruit qualities were not consistently occurred amongst treatments. CONCLUSION: Nov-Mix treatments showed playing role in a substitute of a chemical fertilizer. Delayed seeding of cover crops such as Jan-Mix did not increase the potential dry matter production due to the short growing period, and the seeding time would affect the dry matter production of cover crops.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.229-235
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• 1999

To identify the differences on plant growth and yield of two rice cultivars among direct water-seeding methods broadcasting on flooded paddy surface(BF), drilling on flooded paddy surface(DF), and puddled-soil drill seeding(PD) under markedly different weather condition between 1995 and 1996. The mean air temperature for duration from May to June, early growth stage of rice in 1995 was lower $1{\sim}3^{\circ}C$ than that in normal or 1996. In 1995 the respiratory consumption index during panicle formation stage and early ripening stage was higher than those of in 1996 or normal year. Number of seedling stand among the methods of direct seeding rice appeared slightly higher in order of BF>DF>PD. Properly in Nonganbyeo, the number of seedling stand was much low in 1995 compared with in 1996. The leaf area index and shoot dry weight at early growth stage of rice plant and culm length at mature in 1995 were larger in direct water seeding rice than those of machanical transplanting rice, but in 1996. Faster ripening speed and shorter ripening period of rice crop appeared in 1996 compared to in 1995. It was due to higher growing degree-days, sunshine hours and solar radiation during rice growing season in 1996. Dongjinbyeo rice showed higher yield than Nonganbyeo which had lower ripened grains especially in 1995.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.792-801
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• 2018

Proximate compositions, quality and physicochemical characteristics of small black soybean cultivar, cultivated in the north-central region of South Korea with different seeding periods, were evaluated. Proximate compositions, chromaticity, water binding capacity, water solubility index, swelling power, and antioxidant properties were significantly different among cultivars and different seeding periods. Moisture, crude ash, fat, protein, and carbohydrate contents of small black soybean cultivar were 5.53~6.69, 5.47~6.54, 15.38~19.14, 34.17~40.26, and 32.04~36.85 g/100 g, respectively. Lightness, redness and yellowness were 35.60~38.61, -0.02~0.07 and -0.56~-0.13, and water binding capacity, water solubility index and swelling power were 84.48~148.31, 46.65~54.89 and 29.87~35.12%, respectively. Total polyphenol contents of first, second, and third seedings on small black soybean cultivar were 10.40~15.48, 9.86~14.85 and 8.61~15.39 mg GAE/g; total flavonoid contents were 5.81~7.25, 5.81~7.34 and 5.52~7.64 mg CE/g, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging activity was 4.55~7.86, 3.99~8.79, and 3.74~9.43 mg TE/g, and ABTS radical scavenging activity was 9.32~12.90, 8.64~13.39, and 8.51~14.35 mg TE/g, respectively. Phenol compound of Tawonkong and Socheong cultivars decreased with delay of seeding periods. Radical scavenging activity of Socheong and Jununi cultivars decreased with delay of seeding periods, but Socheong 2 and Socheongja cultivars increased. In the study, phenol compound and radical scavenging activity of small black soybean cultivar were different, depending on cultivars and seeding periods.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 1995

This experiment was conducted to elucidate the effect of the midsummer drainage times on lodging characters, field lodging and yield in direct seeding rice culture in puddled soil. Dongjinbyeo was seeded at May 11 by seeding machine with 4cm of furrow depth and drained, one（50days after seeding DAS）） two （30DAS and 50DAS）, and three times （30DAS, and 50DAS and 60DAS）. The results are as follows. Culm length was shorten and the wall of N3, N4 were thicken as the drain-age times were increased. As the drainage times were increased breaking weights were increased but the lodging index were decreased. Lodging was occurred seriousely at none drainage, but wasn't occurred two or three times drainage. Yield was higher at 1~2 times drainage compared with none and three times drainage. Therefore, two times midsummer drainage is recommend-able water management method for direct seeding rice culture in puddled soil.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.157-162
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• 1996

Experiments were conducted from 1994 to 1995 to understand the effects of the labor-saving seeding and planting density on growth and root yield of Astragalus membranaceus. The drilling seeder reduced seeding time than the hand seeding; It takes 3. 5hrs/l0a to seed by drilling seeder while 33. 0hrs/l0a by hand seeding, which labor reducing rate was 89. 4 %. Emergence rate in the drilling seeder was increased 17% than in the hand seeding, so the root yield were increased 23% to 136. lkg/l0a in using drilling seeder compared to 110. 3kg in hand seeding. On the effect of planting density on the growth characteristics plant height was long in dense planting and stem diameter was thick in spacious planting. Root diameter and dry root weight root per plant were decreased in dense planting and root yield was highest in optimum planting densities $(6\;row\;(15cm)\;{\times}\;10cm)$ in the harvest of 1 year old plants in Astragalus membranaceus. The gross profit were increased 23% to 1,933 thousand won per l0a in the drilling seeder compared to 1,566 thousand won in the hand seeding, also the managing costs were reduced 18% to 406 thousand won per l0a in the drilling seeder than 494 thousand won per l0a in the hand seeding.