• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.38-47
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• 1999

This study is the study on health promoting behaviors of 6th grade students according to sex. The purpose of this study is to find the difference in the value of health in their lives among 6/sup th/ grade students according to sex, to examine the differences in practicing health promoting behaviors, and to determine the correlation between the practice of health promoting behaviors and the characteristics of these students. The subjects of this study were 177 6/sup th/ grade students who were randomly selected from two elementary schools in Taegu City. The tools used to measure health promoting behaviors were the measuring utility for practicing health promoting behaviors developed by Kyung-Suk Ki (1983) and the utility for the values of health in lives developed by Wallston, Maides and Wallston and translated by Gin Yoon (1989). The data collected were analyzed with t-test, Pearson correlation coefficient, and descriptive statistics using SPSS program. The results of the present study were as follows : 1) According to the results of the value placed in health in their lives, the number of students who placed health high in their lives was 69 boys (75%) and 64 girls (75.3%). 2) According to the results obtained from comparing the degree of practicing health promoting behaviors according to sex, in the field of personal hygiene and daily habits, the girls showed a higher degree of practice with 3.26±0.33 and the boys, 3.05±0.45(t=-3.484, p=0.001) : and in the field of contagious diseases, the girls scored significantly higher with 3.40±0.39 than the boys with 2.99±0.54(t=-2.363, p=0.019). In the filed of preventing accidents, the girls showed a meaning high significant result with 3.16±0.46 than the boys with 2.99±0.54(t=-2.362, p=0.019). When the results from the total questions in the field of health promoting behaviors were compared, the girls showed a meaningfully high correlation with 3.19±0.28 than the boys with 3.07±0.36(t=-2.601, p=0.010). Thus, the results showed that the girls, compares with the boys, practice more behaviors of personal hygiene & daily habits, prevention of communicable diseases, and prevention of accidents. 3) According to the results of the relationship between the subjects’ characteristics and their health promoting behaviors according to set in the case of the boys, they showed a meaningful positive correlation with health promoting behaviors and the current status of health (r=0.266, p=0.005). Thus, for the boys, as their health status was better, the more health promoting behaviors they showed. In the case of the girls, the meaningful variables had a correlation with the health promoting behaviors were the number of extra-curricula activities(r=0.182, p=0.047) and the birth order(r=-0.192, p=0. 024). In overall regardless of sex, the health status (r=0.188, p=0.006) and birth order(r=-0.149, p=0.024) showed a meaningful correlation with practicing health promoting behaviors. With the above results, we suggest the following proposals. 1) In elementary children of lower and upper classmen as applied with the current school age, developing a utility to measure health promoting behaviors is needed since the physical, emotional and intellectual development of these children exist. 2) According to the results of this study, developing a program for health promotion is needed in 6/sup th/ grade students.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.211-224
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to find a solution to effectively nurse elderly people in the aging society of next generation by analyzing relationship among the social problem of elderly people in the future society, their preferred life style, and their understanding level of an asylum for the aged. Data for this study were collected by questioning 316 persons(257 visitors at C University hospital and 59 residents in Chun - Ra Nam Do) from December 1996 to March 1997. The results were as follows: The assumption that an individual's preferred life style at old age depends on his /her understanding level of the social problem of elderly people was verified ($X^2=9.75$, p<0.00). The assumption that one's understanding of an asylum for the aged depends on his /her understanding level of the social problem of elderly people was verified ($X^2=4.40$, p<0.05). The assumption that one's understanding of an asylum for the aged depends on his/her pre-ferred life style at old age was verified($X^2=34.51$, p<0.01). Among those who want to live together with children when they get old, the following differences in their conception were noted: Elderly people who has lost his /her wife /husband should marry again(p<0.01). Children should take care of their parents(p<0.01). Children should live with their parents(p<0.01), A desirable living style for an elderly people. An undesirable living style for an elderly people. Among those who want to live alone when they get old, the following differences were observed: It is okay for children to live separately from their parents as long as they provide financial support(p<0.01). Any child, regardless of the distinction of sex or the order of birth among siblings, can take care of his/her parents(p<0.05), It is desirable for an elderly people to live alone (p<0.01). It is undesirable for an elderly people to live in an asylum for the aged(p<0.05). It was verified that those who view an asylum for the aged in a negative way believe that children should take care of their parents. Also, it was verified that those who view an asylum for the aged in a positive way believe that children should provide financial support to their parents even though they do not live together(p<0.01). Regardless of the subjects' opinions on seriousness of the social problem of elderly people, the assumption that any child, regardless of the distinction of sex or the order of birth among siblings, can take care of his/her parents was verified(p<0.01) (p<0.05). Regardless of the subjects' view on asylum for the aged, the assumption that it is undesirable place for an elderly people to live was verified (p<0.01). The assumption that one's understanding of an asylum for the aged depends on the distinction of sex among general characteristics such as sex, age, educational background, occupation, and religion was verified(t=-2.82, p<0.01). The assumption that an individual's preferred life style at old age depends on the distinction of sex among general characteristics such as sex, age, educational background, occupation, and religion was verified(t=l.68, p<0.l).

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.91-100
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• 2004

Objectives：The effects of repeated maternal separation on the expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) and cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) in the hippocampus of rat pups at preweanling stage were evaluated. Methods：The experimental, Repeated Maternal Separation group(N=4) was separated from the mother for four hours a day over a period of ten days beginning with postnatal day 4. The Control group(N=4), on the other hand, did not separated from the mother at all. GR and COX-2 expression in the hippocampus was examined by immunohistochemistry on postnatal day 14. Results：It was determined that the number of GR-immunopositive cells in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus was significantly increased in the Repeated Maternal Separation group. The numbers of COX-2-immunopositive cells in the CA1 and CA3 were also significantly higher in the Repeated Maternal Separation group. Conclusion：These results suggest that maternal separation may be a significant developmental stress that induces GR and COX-2 expression in the hippocampus of developing pups.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 1982.05a
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• pp.14.2-15
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• 1982

Serous otitis media (SOM) is one of the most common otologic diseases which was first discribed by Politzer in 1869. Currentely, among many methods introduced to treat SOM, ventilation tube insertion is considered to be the most popular and standard method being used. However due to complication of it, there remains many disputable various problems. In order to review the clinical aspect of SOM and search for the effects and safety of ventilation tube, we studied 97 SOM patients, who had performed V-tube from Jan. 1981 to Feb. 1982 at ENT dept. of Severance Hospital. Analizing the clinical symptoms, age distribution, associated disease, otoscopic findings of ear drum, degree of hearing loss, hearing gain after insertion of V-tube and complications, following results were obtained. 1) As a subjective symptom, among 29 cases all patients had hearing loss, 19 cases (65.6%) had tinnitus, 12 cases (44.4%) had autophony and 10 cases (34.5%) of the patients had sensation of ear fullness. 2) In age distribution, 6 to 10 year old group was most numerous up to 42 cases (43.3%) and 20 years and over was 23 cases (23.5%) 3) In adult group SOM tend to be involved unilaterally whereas young child group had tendency involving bilaterally. 4) 49 cases (50.05%) were associated with tonsillitis and adenoid vegetation, 15 cases (15.5%) were associated with sinusitis, 4 cases (4.1%) had nasal allergy. 5) In preoperative otoscopic findings, 62 ears (47.7%) had retraction, 37 ears (23.6%) had bulging, 34 ears (21.7%) had color change, and 29 ears (19.7%) had no significant findings. 6) In characteristics of middle ear fluid, child group was tend to have mucinous content (84.2%) while adult group had serous content (62.5%). 7) Average preoperative air-bone gap of pure tone was 25.3 dB. 8) 24 ears (72.7%) had over 10 dB of postoperative hearing gain and average hearing gain was 17.2 dB. 9) There were 44 ears (28.1%) of complications. Among them 37 ears (23.6%) had infection, 3 ears had atelectasis, 2 ears had granulation tissue, 2 ears had permanent perforations. 10) Among 37 ears suffered from post-op. infection, 19 ears (51.4%) had initial infection just after insertion of ventilation tube, 18 ears (48.6%) were infected during the course of post-ventilation tube. Of 37 infected ears, 26 ears (70.3%) responded to conservative care, while 11 ears (29.7%) was cured after removal of ventilation tube.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2016

Objective: Newborn screening leads to improved treatment and disease outcomes, but false-positive newborn screening results may impact include parental stress and anxiety, perception of child as unhealthy, parent-child relationship dysfunction, and increased infant hospitalizations. The purpose of this study was to investigate of the false positive rates and the causative factors of false positive results in Tandem Mass Spectrometry (TMS) in single center. Methods: Records were reviewed for all 18,872 subjects who were born in Cheill General Hospital, during January 1st, 2012 to December 31st, 2014. 17,292 neonates (91.62%) were tested for tandem mass screening almost in 2-5th day of life. Newborn babies whose first results were abnormal had been tested repeatedly by same methods in 7-14 day. If the results were abnormal again, further evaluation was performed. TMS analysis included data for the 43 disorders screened for using TMS broken down into three categories: fatty acid oxidation disorders, organic acidurias, and aminoacidopathies. The impact of several factors on increased false positive rates was analyzed using a multivariate analysis: time from birth to sample collection, birth weight, birth height, BMI, gender, gestational age, delivery type. Results: Males of the subjects were 8942 (51.7%), female 8350 (48.3%), the mean gestational age was $38.6{\pm}1.7$ weeks, the average birth weight $3,155.6{\pm}502.4g$, the average birth height $49.1{\pm}2.9cm$, and the average BMI $13.0{\pm}3.8(kg/m^2)$. Vaginal delivery cases were 9713 (56.2%), caesarean section 7,579 (43.8%). The average date of the inspection was $2.8{\pm}1.1$ days. 224 cases were identified as TMS positive. All the subjects were false positive (222/17,292, 1.30%) except 2 cases (1 male; benign phenylketonuria and 1 female; Short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency). The false positive rates were 0.61% in fatty acid oxidation disorders, 0.25% in organic acidurias, and 0.45% in aminoacidopathies. In our study, the date of inspection got late, the false positive rates got higher. Because almost the cases of late test date were in treatment in neonatal intensive care unit so their test date was affected by their medical conditions. False positive rate was higher in extreme immaturity${\leq}27$ weeks than newborns of gestational age >27 weeks [OR=6.957 (CI=1.273-38.008), p<0.025] and extremely low birth weight<1,000 g than newborns of birthweight ${\geq}1,000g$ [OR=5.616 (CI=1.134-27.820), p<0.035]. Conclusion: False positive rate of TMS was 1.30% in Cheil General Hospital. Lower gestational age and birth weight impacted on increased false positive rates. Better understanding of factors that influence the reporting of screening tests, and the ability to modify these important factors, may improve the screening process and reduce the need for retesting. of screening tests, and the ability to modify these important factors, may improve the screening process and reduce the need for retesting.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.180-187
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• 2016

Purpose: This study described the post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) and secondary varicella infection in children inadvertently exposed to varicella zoster virus (VZV) in the hospital. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from patients with VZV infection who were initially not properly isolated, as well as children exposed to VZV at the Seoul National University Children's Hospital between January 2010 and December 2015. The PEP measures were determined by the presence of immunity to VZV and immunocompromising conditions. Patient clinical information was reviewed via medical records. Results: Among 147 children hospitalized between 2010 and 2015, 13 inadvertent exposures were notified due to VZV infection. Five index children had a history of VZV vaccination. Eighty-six children were exposed in multi-occupancy rooms and 62.8% (54/86) were immune to VZV. The PEP measures administered to 27 exposed patients included varicella zoster immunoglobulin and VZV vaccination. Four children developed secondary varicella, which was linked to a single index patient, including one child who did not receive PEP and three of the 27 children who received PEP. The rates of secondary varicella and prophylaxis failure were 4.7% (4/85) and 11.1% (3/27), respectively. The secondary varicella rates were 1.9% (1/54) and 9.7% (3/31) among immunocompetent and immunocompromised children, respectively. Conclusions: Delayed diagnosis of VZV infection can lead to unexpected exposure and place susceptible children and immunocompromised patients at risk for developing varicella. The appropriateness of the current PEP strategy based on VZV immunity may require re-evaluation.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2002

Purpose : The purpose of this study 띤as to determine the potential role of three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) in the treatment of primary unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. The preliminary results on the efficacy and the toxicity of 3D-CRT are reported. Materials and Methods : Seventeen patients were enrolled in this study, which was conducted prospectively from January 1995 to June 1997. The exclusion criteria included the presence of extrahepatic metastasis, liver cirrhosis of Child-Pugh classification C, tumors occupying more than two thirds of the entire liver, and a performance status of more than 3 on the ECOG scale. Two patients were treated with radiotherapy only while the remaining 15 were treated with combined transcatheter arterial chemoembolization. Radiotherapy was given to the field including the tumor plus a 1.5 cm margin using a 3D-CRT technique. The radiation dose ranged from $36\~60\;Gy$ (median; 59.4 Gy). Tumor response was based on a radiological examination such as the CT scan, MR imaging, and hepatic artery angiography at $4\~8$ weeks following the completion of treatment. The acute and subacute toxicities were monitored. Results : An objective response was observed in 11 out of 17 patients, giving a response rate of $64.7\%$. The actuarial survival rate at 2 years was $21.2\%$ from the start of radiotherapy (median survival; 19 months). Six patients developed a distant metastasis consisting of a lung metastasis in 5 patients and bone metastasis in one. The complications related to 30-CRT were gastro-duodenitis $(\geq\;grade\;2)$ in 2 patients. There were no treatment related deaths and radiation induced hepatitis. Conclusion : The preliminary results show that 3D-CRT is a reliable and effective treatment modality for primary unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma compared to other conventional modalities. Further studies to evaluate the definitive role of the 3D-CRT technique in the treatment of primary unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma are needed.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.111-133
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze the contents of global citizenship education in the 2015 revision of Home Economics textbook and examine the relevance of global citizenship education in the subject of Home Economics. To this end, the contents of global citizenship education included in the 2015 revision of middle school Home Economics textbook were extracted and analyzed from the viewpoint of the UNESCO Topics and Learning Objectives (TLO), according to the procedure of the concurrent triangulation design. When the frequencies of inclusion of the 9 topics of TLOs were counted, about 54.6% of global citizenship education(GCED) content covered in the 2015 revision of Home Economics textbooks in total was related to the socio-emotional aspects. In particular, TLO 4 (Different levels of identity) showed the highest ratio, followed by TLO 5(Different communities people belong to and how these are connected) and TLO 1 (Local, national and global systems and structures). As a result of categorizing global citizenship education learning topics extracted from Home Economics textbooks of middle school by Home Economics sub-topic area, the child and family(94) area showed the greatest relevance to all learning topics. Food and nutrition(13), clothing(13), housing(15), and consumption (14) showed similar distributions of learning subjects. Child and family area is related to global citizenship education in the topics of adolescent development and its characteristics, family relations, sexual and domestic violences prevention, change in family structures and healthy families, aging society and work-family balance, and life planning and career exploration. The food and nutrition area is related to global citizenship education in the topics of nutrition and eating behavior, and adolescents' food selection and safe cooking. The topic of clothing management and recycling of clothing area, housing culture, residential space utilization, and residential life and safety of housing area, consumer life in adolescence of consumption area were related to the learning subject of global citizenship education. As such, high relations between GCED learning topics and Home Economics learning content elements were found. It is expected that the data of this study will be used as basic data for program development, class improvement, and textbook development with global citizenship education as a content element in Home Economics education.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.12
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• pp.1881-1894
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• 2015

The objective of this study was to provide information on difficulty of performing tasks, degree of task satisfaction, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention as well as investigate correlations among these factors. Data were collected on employees working at Centers for Children's Foodservice Management, which had been operating for over 6 months until December 2013. The recruitment period was from December 16, 2013 to January 30, 2014. A total of 228 employees (79.7%) participated in the study, and 227 completed questionnaires were analyzed. Statistical analyses were performed on the data utilizing the SPSS V20.0 and AMOS V21.0 programs. The main results of this study were as follows: task satisfaction of employees in charge of 'visiting-teaching' for children was highest (4.24 points), whereas that of employees in charge of financial management was lowest (2.92 points). In terms of evaluation of job satisfaction factors, the score of 'co-worker' was highest (3.99 points) while that of 'payment' was lowest (2.45 points). Average scores of general job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention were 3.56 points, 3.54 points, and 3.07 points, respectively. Job achievement was the most significant influencing factor on general job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and turnover intention. According to the path analysis results, the degree of task satisfaction affected job satisfaction. Organizational commitment had a more significant effect on turnover intention than job satisfaction and mediate both job satisfaction and turnover intention. Although employees of CCFSMs endeavor to improve the quality of child-care facility foodservice, some facilities do not. Controlling turnover intention of employees is especially critical for CCFSMs since it is important for each employees to form strong bonds with child-care facilities as well as to shorten the time required to train new employees. Thus, job satisfaction, which is related to organizational commitment and turnover intention, can be improved by considering poorly scored job satisfaction factors such as wage or workload.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.183-193
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• 2009

Purpose: Rotaviruses, noroviruses, astroviruses, and enteric adenoviruses cause acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children. Some children with AGE have afebrile convulsions associated with viral gastroenteritis. The purpose of this study was to detect and genotype viruses from children with AGE or benign infantile seizures associated with mild gastroenteritis (BIS-MG). Methods: Between August 2004 and June 2005, 311 children with AGE were included. Four viral agents, including rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, and adenovirus, were analyzed from stool specimens of each patient using the latex agglutination method, enzyme immunoassay, and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Genotyping of each virus was performed in 217 of the 311 children. Results: Among 217 children (male, 121; female, 96; mean age, 20.6${\pm}$15.4 months), rotavirus was detected in 109 (50.2%), norovirus in 28 (12.9%), adenovirus in 13 (6.0%), and astrovirus in 2 children (0.9%). Genotyping of rotavirus revealed positive results in 97 children; P[8]G3 in 36, P[4]G2 in 21, P[6]G4 in 10, P[4]G4 in 9, P[8]G9 in 6, P[8]G1 in 6, P[4]G3 in 4, P[4]G9 in 3, and P[6]G2 in 2. Genotyping of norovirus showed GII-4 in 27 of 28 children and GII-6 in 1 child. Sixteen children were diagnosed with BIS-MG. Rotavirus was detected in 13 of 16 children with BIS-MG, and norovirus in 2 children. Genotyping of rotavirus detected in children with BIS-MG revealed P[8]G3 in 6 children, P[4]G2 in 2 children, and P[4]G9 in 1 child. Conclusion: Analysis of viruses from stool specimens indicates that both rotavirus and norovirus are the main viruses related to BIS-MG in children.