• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제61권6호
• /
• pp.359-365
• /
• 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary multi-carbohydrases (MCS) in a lactating sow diet on productive performance and immune responses of sows and their piglets. A total of 12 sows (218.37 ± 5.5 kg BW; 2 parity) were randomly assigned to 2 dietary treatments: a diet based on corn-soybean meal (CON) and CON with 0.01% MCS. The MCS contained xylanase (2,700 units/g), β-glucanase (700 units/g), and cellulase (800 units/g). Sows were fed the dietary treatments for 28 days (weaning) after farrowing. Blood samples were collected from sows on d 0, 3, and 7 after farrowing and randomly selected 2 nursing piglets in each sow on d 3, 7, and 14 after birth. Measurements were productive performance of sows, frequency of diarrhea of piglets, and immune responses of sows and their piglets. Sows fed MCS had lower (p < 0.05) their body weight change than those fed CON. Piglets from sows fed MCS had higher (p < 0.05) average weight gain and body weight at weaning day and lower (p < 0.10) frequency of diarrhea than those from sows fed CON. Sows fed MCS had lower number of white blood cells (WBC) on d 3 (p < 0.05) and TGF-β1 on d 7 (p < 0.10) during lactation than those fed CON. Similarly, piglets from sows fed MCS had also lower (p < 0.05) number of WBC on d 3 and d 7 and TGF-β1 and C-reactive protein on d 7 during lactation than those from sows fed CON. In addition, piglets from sows fed MCS had higher (p < 0.10) immunoglobulin G and M on d 7 during lactation those from sows fed CON. In conclusion, addition of dietary MCS in the lactating sow diet based on corn and soybean meal improved productive performance of sows and their litters and modulated their immune responses.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.52-59
• /
• 2005

The study was targeted to saccharify foodwastes with the cellulolytic and amylolytic enzymes obtained from culture supernatant of Trichoderma harzianum FJ1 and analyze the kinetics of the saccharification in order to enlarge the utilization in industrial application. T. harzianum FJ1 highly produced various cellulolytic (filter paperase 0.9, carboxymethyl cellulase 22.0, ${\beta}$-glucosidase 1.2, Avicelase 0.4, xylanase 30.8, as U/mL-supernatant) and amylolytic (${alpha}$-amylase 5.6, ${\beta}$-amylase 3.1, glucoamylase 2.6, as U/mL-supernatant) enzymes. The $23{\sim}98\;g/L$ of reducing sugars were obtained under various experimental conditions by changing FPase to between $0.2{\sim}0.6\;U/mL$ and foodwastes between $5{\sim}20\%$ (w/v), with fixed conditions at $50^{\circ}C$, pH 5.0, and 100 rpm for 24 h. As the enzymatic hydrolysis of foodwastes were performed in a heterogeneous solid-liquid reaction system, it was significantly influenced by enzyme and substrate concentrations used, where the pH and temperature were fixed at their experimental optima of 5.0 and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. An empirical model was employed to simplify the kinetics of the saccharification reaction. The reducing sugars concentration (X, g/L) in the saccharification reaction was expressed by a power curve ($X=K{\cdot}t^n$) for the reaction time (t), where the coefficient, K and n. were related to functions of the enzymes concentrations (E) and foodwastes concentrations (S), as follow: $K=10.894{\cdot}Ln(E{\cdot}S^2)-56.768,\;n=0.0608{\cdot}(E/S)^{-0.2130}$. The kinetic developed to analyze the effective saccharification of foodwastes composed of complex organic compounds could adequately explain the cases under various saccharification conditions. The kinetics results would be available for reducing sugars production processes, with the reducing sugars obtained at a lower cost can be used as carbon and energy sources in various fermentation industries.

• 한국버섯학회지
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.74-82
• /
• 2012

백색부후균인 느타리버섯 60균주로부터 목재를 분해하는 리그닌-셀룰로오스 분해효소 생산 능력이 우수한 균주를 선발하였다. 그 결과 1, 2차 스크리닝을 통해 실험한 모든 균주에서 리그닌-셀룰로오스 분해효소를 생산하는 것을 확인하였다. 그러나, 아비셀 함유 평판배지에서 선발된 6개 균주의 경우 2차 스크리닝 아비셀-효모추출물-펩톤 액체배지에서 셀룰로오스 분해효소 활성이 낮은 것을 확인하였다. 자일란 분해효소의 경우 자일란-효모추출물-펩톤 액체배지에서 No. 6, No. 38균주에서 xylanse 1.0 U/ml 이상, 1,4-${\beta}$-xylosidase 0.15 U/ml 이상 생산되었다. RBBR 함유 평판배지에서 선발된 13개 균주를 가지고 글루코오즈-효모-펩톤 배지 조건하에서 리그닌 분해 효소의 생산 실험을 한 결과 락케이즈가 먼저 최대 활성(0.8~2.0U/ml)을 나타낸 뒤 Mn-dependent peroxidase가 최대활성(0.5~1.5U/ml)를 나타내었다. 한편, 글루코오즈-효모-펩톤 배지 조건하에서 실험한 모든 균주에서 lignin peroxidase는 생산되지 않았다. 특히 본 연구자는 이러한 스크리닝 방법에 의해 Mn-dependent peroxidase와 laccase 생산 능력이 높은 No. 42균주를 선발하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제23권8호
• /
• pp.1022-1027
• /
• 2010

Effects of increasing dietary rice straw on chewing activity, ruminal fermentation, and fibrolytic enzyme activity in growing goats were investigated in a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square experiment. The goats were offered four diets with an increasing proportion of rice straw (i.e. 0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20, respectively, on dry matter basis). Increasing level of rice straw increased ($P_{linear\;effect}$ <0.05) the time spent on eating, ruminating, and chewing. The ruminal pH and acetate: propionate ratio were increased ($P_{linear\;effect}$ <0.05), while the $NH_3$-N concentration was decreased ($P_{linear\;effect}$ <0.01). Increasing level of rice straw in the diet increased ($P_{linear\;effect}{\leq}0.01$) molar proportion of acetate and isovalerate, and decreased ($P_{linear\;effect}$ <0.01) molar proportion of propionate. The CMCase, xylanase and cellobiase activities in the rumen were decreased ($P_{linear\;effect}$ <0.05) with increasing level of dietary rice straw, whereas the avicelase activity was increased ($P_{linear\;effect}$ <0.01). In summary, increased level of rice straw elevated the dietary neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content in the diet and had a great impact on chewing activity and ruminal fermentation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제44권5호
• /
• pp.561-572
• /
• 2002

본 연구는 분만전후 40두의 젖소에 무첨가, Aspergillus oryzae(T2), Saccharomyces cerevisiae 혼합제(T3) 및 효소분비촉진제(T4) 급여시 사료섭취량, 산유량 혈중대사물질 및 대사성 질병에 발생에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 완전임의배치법 10반복으로 수행하였다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 분만전 건물섭취량은 처리간에 별 차이가 없었지만 분만일과 분만후 3주 동안에는 Aspergillus oryzae, Saccharomyces cerevisiae 혼합제 및 효소분비촉진제를 급여했을 때가 대조구보다 다소 많았다. 산유량은 사료첨가제를 급여한 구가 무첨가구보다 더 높았으며 특히 효소분비촉진제에서 산유량이 가장 높았다. 혈중 글루코스 및 NEFA 함량은 분만전에는 처리간에 큰 차이가 없었지만 분만일과 분만후 1, 2 및 3일에는 사료첨가제 급여구에서 대조구보다 혈중 글루코스 함량은 더 높고 반면에 NEFA 함량은 더 낮았다. 혈중 Ca 수준은 시험기간동안 처리간에 차이가 없었다. 대사성질병 발생은 대조구에서만 케토시스 1두 발생하였으며, 후산증체는 효소분비 촉진제구는 전혀 발생하지 않았으나 다른 구에서는 공히 2두가 발생하였다. 자궁 내막염은 T2구에서 1두 발생하였다. 결론적으로 전환기 젖소에 사료첨가제를 급여하면 사료섭취량 및 산유량 증가와 더불어 대사성질병 발생이 저하될 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제33권1호
• /
• pp.24-34
• /
• 2020

Objective: The effects of Pleurotus ostreatus on the feed utilization of broad bean stalks (BBS), rape straw (RS), paddy straw (PS), and corn stalk (CS) was examined. Methods: The four roughages were co-cultured with Pleurotus ostreatus. The chemical composition; enzyme activities of laccase, carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) and xylanase; carbohydrate and protein fractions (based on The Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System [CNCPS]) were assessed at different days after inoculation (7, 14, 21, 28 d) and un-inoculated roughages (control, 0 d). The digestibility of nutrient components and the gas production of roughage with various incubation times were monitored at 0, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h using an in vitro ruminal fermentation method. Results: A higher CMCase activity (0.1039 U/mL) and earlier time to peak (14 d) were detected in Pleurotus ostreatus cultured with CS (p<0.05). Significantly, the incubation length-dependent responses of cumulative gas production were observed from 24 to 72 hours post fermentation (p<0.05), and these incubation length-dependent effects on cumulative gas production of PS and CS appeared earlier (24 h) for PS and CS than those (48 h) for BBS and RS (p<0.05). The fast-degradable carbohydrate (CA) content for all four roughages significantly increased over time (p<0.05). Nonetheless, increased degradation efficiency for CA treated with Pleurotus ostreatus was detected at both 21 and 28 days of incubation (p<0.05). With the exception of PS (p<0.05), there were no significant difference among the roughages (p>0.05) in slowly-degradable carbohydrate (CB2) at different incubation times (p<0.05). Conclusion: Assessment of the alterations in chemical composition, CNCPS system fractions, and the fermentation kinetics after biological pretreatment may yield a valuable database for evaluating the biological pretreatment of Pleurotus ostreatus in ruminant feed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• 제62권2호
• /
• pp.159-173
• /
• 2020

A 4×2 factorial feeding trial was designed to investigate the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with cottonseed meal (CSM) in wheat/sorghum/SBM-based diets fed with or without microbial enzymes in diets on the performance, visceral organ development and digestibility of nutrients of broiler chickens. Four graded levels of CSM - none (0%), low (4%, 8%, and 12%), medium (5%, 10%, and 15%), and high (6%, 12%, and 18%) of complete diets in starter, grower and finisher, respectively were fed with or without 100 mg/kg of xylanase and β-glucanase blend. Eight isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were formulated using least-cost method to meet the nutrient specifications of Ross 308 male broilers. Each treatment was randomly assigned to 6 replicates (10 birds per replicate). There were CSM-enzyme interactions (p < 0.05) on feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG) in the starter phase. Enzyme supplementation improved (p < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the grower and finisher phases, and increased WG in growing and finishing birds. CSM inclusion reduced (p < 0.05) the weight of gizzard and proventriculus in starter chicks, while these organs were bigger (p < 0.05) in the grower phase. The test ingredient decreased (p < 0.05) small intestinal weight in starter and grower birds. The CSM increased the absolute weight of thighs (p < 0.05) while breast meat was increased (p < 0.01) by enzyme addition. Starch digestibility was improved (p < 0.01) by enzyme inclusion and decreased (p < 0.01) by CSM. Enzyme supplementation improved (p < 0.05) the ileal digestibility of gross energy and protein. The results demonstrate that CSM can substitute up to 90% SBM in broiler chicken diets without compromising performance, and the nutritive value of CSM-containing diets can effectively be improved by enzyme supplementation.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제32권2호
• /
• pp.312-316
• /
• 2000

Xylan과 xylanase의 효소반응 후 생성되는 crude xylooligosaccharides를 효과적으로 정제하기 위하여 한외여과를 실시하였다. 한외여과의 최적운전 조건을 확인하고자 5, 10, 20, 30 psi의 막 횡단 압력에서 유속(100, 200, 300, 400 ml/min) 및 온도(10, 20, 23-25, $30^{\circ}C$)를 변화시키며 실험을 실시하였고 시간에 따른 flux의 변화를 관찰하였다. 또한 한외여과 효과를 알아보기 위해 한외여과 전, 후의 이화학적 특성 및 올리고당을 분석하였다. 유속과 온도에 따른 flux 변화를 관찰하여 시료의 최적 유속(300 ml/min), 최적 막 횡단 압력(20psi) 및 운전 온도$(23-25^{\circ}C)$를 결정하였다. 최적운전 조건에서 시간에 따른 flux 변화는 한외여과 종료시점인 VCR 10.0에서 초기 flux의 62% 수준의 flux를 나타냈다. 한외여과에 따른 일반성분의 변화는 당농도, 고형분, 총당 및 회분에서는 차이를 보이지 않았으나 단백질의 경우에는 여과 후 55%의 제단백 효과가 있었다. 한외여과 전, 후의 xylooligosaccharides함량 변화는 관찰할 수 없었으며 한외여과 여부가 올리고당 함량에는 영향을 미치지는 않는 것으로 생각한다. 시간에 따른 색도의 변화는 한외여과 전 시료 색도(1.0454 at 420 nm)와 한외여과 후 색도를 비교하면 평균 84%(0.1648 at 420 nm) 제거할 수 있는 결과를 얻었으며 한외여과 방법이 crude xylooligosaccharide의 탈색에 매우 효과적인 방법임을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제20권12호
• /
• pp.437-443
• /
• 2019

본 연구는 혼합효소제를 육계사료에 첨가 급여 하였을때 생산성, 혈액성분, 및 장내 미생물의 변화를 구명하고자 실시하였다. 병아리(Ross 308) 300수를 공시하여 5개의 처리구 (대조구, 0.5MXG, 1.0MXG, 2.0MXG 와 1.0G)에 완전 임의배치하고 3반복으로 수행하였다. 결과는 체중, 사료섭취량, 사료효율 및 일당증체량은 대조구에 비하여 MXG 효소 처리구에서 모두 높게 나타났다. 도체중, 근위, 심장의 무게는 대조구에 비하여 효소 첨가구에서 높게 측정되었으나, 이는 도체중의 증가에 대한 영향으로 보인다. 그러나, 간장의 무게는 대조구에 비하여 처리구에서 유의적으로 낮게 측정되었다(p<0.05). 장내 전체 세균수는 대조구에 비하여 효소 첨가구(MXG)에서 유의적으로 감소하였다 (p<0.05). 혈액성분 중에서 total protein, 혈중요소태질소(BUN) 와 포도당 함량은 변화가 없었다. 그러나, 면역항체인 IgG 농도는 대조구에 비하여 1.0 과 2.0 MXG 혼합 급여구에서 유의적으로 높았다 (p<0.05). 결론적으로 혼합효소제 첨가는 육계에서 사료효율과 IgG 수준은 향상시켰으며, 간장의 무게와 장내 세균숫자는 감소시키는 효과가 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제32권5호
• /
• pp.711-720
• /
• 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to assess the effect of potassium humate and enzymes (Xylanase+Amylase+Protease) inclusion in diets on carcass characteristics, meat quality and fatty acid profiles of broilers fed canola-based diets. Methods: Two hundred and twenty broilers randomly allotted to 5 dietary treatments: the control (commercial broiler diet); CM (17.5% canola meal inclusion); CMEnz (17.5% CM inclusion+0.3 g/kg Axtra XAP); CMPh (17.5% CM inclusion+1.5% Potassium Humate, PH); and CMEnzPh (17.5% CM inclusion+1.5% PH+0.3 g/kg Axtra XAP) were slaughtered at day 42 for assessment of carcass and meat quality parameters. Results: Diet had no effect on carcass traits apart from breast muscle weight and breast muscle index. The highest breast muscle weight was observed in broilers fed CMEnz ($487.6{\pm}17.5g$) followed by those fed the control diet ($474.37{\pm}17.5g$). Diet also had no significant dietary effect on pH, temperature, drip loss and shear force values of the breast muscle. However, diet significantly affected meat colour and water-holding capacity. Broilers in the control and CMPh groups ($52.94{\pm}0.67$ and $52.91{\pm}0.67$) had the highest (p<0.05) values for lightness ($L^*$), whilst those fed CMEnzPh had the lowest value ($47.94{\pm}0.67$). In contrast, CM group had the lowest (p<0.05) value for redness ($a^*$) with CMEnzPh group having the highest values. The proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and the PUFA/saturated fatty acid ratio were increased in CM-based diets containing enzymes and humic acid. Conclusion: It can, therefore, be concluded that CM can be included in broiler diets in the presence of enzymes and humic acid with positive effects on meat quality and important fatty acids that are beneficial to the health of consumers.