• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.511-518
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• 2020

There have been reports that the "jeongcho (定礎)" letters of the foundation stone at the historical site No. 280 of the "Main Building of the Bank of Korea in Seoul" were written by Prince Ito Hirobumi (伊藤博文), the first Resident-General of Japan in Korea. An on-site investigation by an advisory group consisting of three experts in calligraphy; revealed that the two characters of '定礎' inscribed on the foundation stone are the characteristics of Ito Hirobumi's handwriting, judging from the writing style and habits observed in the collections of the Central Library of Hamamatsu City, Japan. It was reported that his writing was confirmed by the experts, but no basis was provided. To provide more objective and quantitative supporting data, rather than qualitative judgment based on feeling, it is necessary to present the basis for judgment through quantitative image comparison results through image analysis. In this paper, using image analysis software, Ito Hirobumi's calligraphy writing and the inscribed characters of the foundation stone were compared and analyzed to confirm the contents of the press release. The character comparison process and character area measurement results are a good example showing that if objective judgment basis data are needed in a similar situation, an objective judgment basis can be prepared through quantification using image analysis.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.7 no.3 s.16
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• pp.107-120
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• 1998

Even though Gothic architecture, one of the most technologically complex sophisticated structural systems, has been interpreted by art and architectural historians since the nineteenth century, we still cannot entirely comprehend either the medieval builder's constructional technique and structural knowledge or the meaning of Gothic architectural elements. The major reason is that contemporaneous written documentation concerning design methods and constructional techniques of medieval architecture is lacking. In 1955, the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris exhibited the sketchbook of the thirteenth century architect Villard do Honnecourt. After the exhibition, analysis on the architectural drawings of Villard's sketchbook had reported widely. Most of analysis on Villard, however, has been on his drawing and artistic style, and there has been very little published analysis of his profession and question on the author of the sketchbook. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the sketchbook and identify the artist who drew it. The sketchbook poses a number of unsolved questions. There is no doubt that several hands have contributed some drawing with appropriate captions, particularly in the section devoted to the application of practical geometry to problems of masonry and carpentry. Scholars have assumed and revealed that it was not made by only one person, and it dealt too many different fields and styles. Through this study, the sketchbook drawings consist of five different styles and person (original painter, master1, master2, master3, and the last owner), and they, not Villard, just redrew the original drawings and bound the sketchbook. Therefore, Villard de Honnecourt was just a mentor of the sketchbook and he did not participate any writing and drawing in the sketchbook.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.437-461
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• 2016

This paper investigates weakening-free fuzzy logics with three weak forms of associativity (of multiplicative conjunction &). First, the wta-uninorm (based) logic $WA_tMUL$ and its two axiomatic extensions are introduced as weakening-free weakly associative fuzzy logics. The algebraic structures corresponding to the systems are then defined, and algebraic completeness results for them are provided. Next, standard completeness is established for $WA_tMUL$ and the two axiomatic extensions with an additional axiom using construction in the style of Jenei-Montagna.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.120-127
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• 2008

Korean space design image is a kind of writing as well as one of the sign that dissembles itself as a direct transcript of what it represents. Moreover it is pictorial representation and notions such as mental and perceptual imaginary. Significance of Iconology lies in how we transform image and the imagination that produces it into power of trust and respect. From this point of view, the process of this study is illustrated as follows: At first, this study search out concept of archetype, collective unconsciousness and collective representation that found principles on basic theory for interpretation of korean space icon. Secondly, it mentions theoretical background of iconological contents and structure. And it clarifies Iconology as a method that is applicable logic for Korean space design. Finally, as an analysis of korean space design, this study analyse in three steps that are pre-iconological description, iconological analysis, iconological interpretation each in terms of modernization at regional korean space design. In the step of the pre-iconological description, it describe visual representative style based on era and place. In the step of the iconological analysis, the typical structure is classified in status, vernacular, ethnic, traditional. In the step of the iconological interpretation, connotation is categorized into allegory, multivalence, potential. Through this process, this study suggest that iconology is an appropriate analysis system of Korean space design images that represent symbols combined with our collective emotion.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.173-193
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• 2005

The modern society is one of knowledge and information, and the library is one of the important routes through which they are obtained. But the collection in the library, from the onset of its creation and the process of accumulation, could only be bent and biased due to the prejudice and distortion, inevitably acting as an agent that mires the essence of the library as a distribution channel for knowledge and information of modern society. This study is the discussion about the necessity, main assignment and the methodology of library collection study. The collection study needs to focus on the process of accumulating the collection in the library to track down the Process of becoming biased.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.17-21
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• 2008

Application of flash memory in mobile and ubiquitous related devices is rapidly being increased due to its low price and high performance. In addition, some notebook computers currently come out into market with a SSD(Solid State Disk) instead of hard-drive based storage system. Regarding this trend, applications need to increase the storage capacity using multiple flash memory chips for larger capacity sooner or later. Flash memory based storage subsystem should resolve the performance bottleneck for writing in perspective of speed and lifetime according to its physical property. In order to make flash memory storage work with tangible performance, reclaiming of invalid regions needs to be controlled in a particular manner to decrease the number of erasures and to distribute the erasures uniformly over the whole memory space as much as possible. In this paper, we study the performance of flash memory recycling algorithms and demonstrate that the proposed algorithm shows acceptable performance for flash memory storage with multiple chips. The proposed cleaning method partitions the memory space into candidate memory regions, to be reclaimed as free, by utilizing threshold values. The proposed algorithm handles the storage system in multi-layered style. The impact of the proposed policies is evaluated through a number of experiments.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.18 no.2 s.27
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• pp.90-100
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• 2005

This study was intended to investigate effects of building school forests on elementary school students, including changes in mental image of school, attitude toward nature and forest, and awareness of their relationship with school forest. The total number of 770 drawings and 1,124 writings were collected to be analyzed from three elementary schools. The results showed that there were significant differences between two student groups, respectively forest school group versus non-forest school group, in their mental image of school. For instance, more often observed in the drawings of forest school group students than their counterparts were natural and human elements, activities associated with nature, and natural or human elements located at central area. Also, more frequently found in the writings of forest school group students than their counterparts were letter-style sentences, stories about school forests, inherent values on nature and forest, and curiosity regarding the nature. These results seem to indicate that in order to materialize educational value of school forests, practical workshops for teachers need to be held as soon as possible and new activity models for students should be developed. In addition to that, long-term research on effectiveness of school forest have to be conducted to a number of schools.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.12 no.2 s.34
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• pp.61-69
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• 2003

Manfredo Tafuri's Ideological criticism in architecture has opened a new horizon to interpreting architecture in modern capitalist architecture for it views architecture not just as a style or formal invention, but in terms of socio-economical process. It offered a comprehensive understanding of a chaotic situation of contemporary architecture and historical meaning modern architectural movements in relation with capitalistic development. However, it has been criticized as architectural pessimism which does not allow any possibility for progressive architectural practice. It was also criticized of epistemological problem of how one could be outside ideology without assuming true consciousness against false consciousness of ideology. Tafuri solves this problem by assuming Althusserian activist concept of knowledge and suggest the concept of labor of writing history of critical historians, instead of a design for utopian society, as a possible critical architectural practice. However, I argue that ultimately ideological criticism does not deny architectural practice itself, nor researches on formal characteristics of architecture. The problem lies rather in the architectural Intellectuals' attachment to the traditional concept of architect as a form giver to the society. By rejecting this myth and broadening the concept of architectural practice from design to production, we can find that Ideological problem is not architectural pessimism, but rather it opens up a new way of approaching to the problem of architectural practice in modern capitalist society.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.113-124
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• 2005

Information sources about Mongolian pigtail of 13-14C are relatively rich. But it was difficult to estimate the shape of the pigtail in detail with the descriptions in historical writing or travel books only, and paintings were neither enough to observe the beautiful shape of the pigtail closely on the whole because the portrayed characters were always wearing their hats. However, the authors could trace the detailed shape of the pigtail of 13-14C through close investigation into Mongolian stone statue of the period. In conclusion, the authors performed a comparative study by historically comparing the historical writings, archeological materials, ethnological materials and figurative arts featuring medieval Mongolian pigtail. And the authors paid careful attention to the meaning of those materials to the hairdo history. Historically nothern minority races have become assimilated with surrounding races in language, culture and customs through long economical and cultural exchange, and today their national traits gradually fade away by globalization. But each minority race still stands independently and maintain its own traditional culture. only recently began the study by Korean researchers on Mongolian pigtail, and there is still much to be discussed in ethnological issues such as racial pedigree.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.217-227
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• 1994

The Korean clothing industry according to historical documents has a long and deep history. We can deduce the fact that cloth in material was self reliant during the pre-historic period. Although we can not find evidence of clothing material trade from the Three Kingdom era we find active trade with Kang, Jin of China and Japan followed by the spread of Korean clothing material manufacturing skills to Japan. Meanwhile the actual progress of the clothing industry came with the manufacture of cotton stuff in the Koryo era and the official and unofficial trade which brought import and export activity to Korea. Also the manufacture of clothing material by women labor although backward as it may be can be seen as stroug evidence that women labor continuously kept up the development of Korean industry. After the Koryo dynasty trade in clothing material and other clothing items contined with other nations. In conclusion we must not think that the Korean clothing industry started active development from the Chosun dynasty. It is important that we realize this fact and looking at the continuous progress of the Korean clothing industry through historical documents from early history to the Chosun era we rightly evaluate history and be proud of this legacy and also reevaluate the wrong views held before.