• 한국작물학회지
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• 제41권spc1호
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• pp.123-144
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• 1996

This review deals briefly with the various medicinal components(mainly saikosaponins), their biological activities and the variation of their contents by different cultivation environment and plant parts in Bupleurum species. Bupleuri radix, a crude drug, is the root of Bupleurum falcatum L. (Korea, Japan), B. chinense(China), and their related species (Umbelliferae). There are over 120 species in Bupleurum genus throughout world, mainly Asian area, and over 5 species in Korea, investigated up to now. These plants contain many physiological active compounds and the principal components are saikosaponins. Major activities of this crude drug and saikosaponins are the anti-inflammatory and antihepatotoxic activities. Saikosaponins and their derivatives in Bupleurum spp. have been chemically studied, isolated and identified over 70 compounds in over 50 species. Other components, physiologically active ones, also have been investigated, which are the groups of lignan, flavonoid, essential oil, polyacetylene, polysaccharide, etc. Saikosaponins belong to the group of triterpenoid saponin chemotaxonomically and occur the accumulation and turnover in plant tissues through secondary metabolism, mevalonic acid pathway. The contents and kinds of saikosaponins and other components in Bupleurum spp. plants are various due to different species and growing environments, as the plant growth characters and yield are various. Most of medicinal plants as well as Bupleurum species are very useful as agricultural products and traditional medicines, and also are very valuable as genetic resources and natural products. So we need to collect, evaluate, preserve, and utilize various medicinal plants, and also to under-stand secondary metabolism and improve the breeding and cultivation techniques for the safe production of crude drugs with high quality and yielding.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1045-1059
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• 2021

Various abiotic stressors like drought, salinity, temperature, and heavy metals are major environmental stresses that affect agricultural productivity and crop yields all over the world. Continuous changes in climatic conditions put selective pressure on the microbial ecosystem to produce exopolysaccharides. Apart from soil aggregation, exopolysaccharide (EPS) production also helps in increasing water permeability, nutrient uptake by roots, soil stability, soil fertility, plant biomass, chlorophyll content, root and shoot length, and surface area of leaves while also helping maintain metabolic and physiological activities during drought stress. EPS-producing microbes can impart salt tolerance to plants by binding to sodium ions in the soil and preventing these ions from reaching the stem, thereby decreasing sodium absorption from the soil and increasing nutrient uptake by the roots. Biofilm formation in high-salinity soils increases cell viability, enhances soil fertility, and promotes plant growth and development. The third environmental stressor is presence of heavy metals in the soil due to improper industrial waste disposal practices that are toxic for plants. EPS production by soil bacteria can result in the biomineralization of metal ions, thereby imparting metal stress tolerance to plants. Finally, high temperatures can also affect agricultural productivity by decreasing plant metabolism, seedling growth, and seed germination. The present review discusses the role of exopolysaccharide-producing plant growth-promoting bacteria in modulating plant growth and development in plants and alleviating extreme abiotic stress condition. The review suggests exploring the potential of EPS-producing bacteria for multiple abiotic stress management strategies.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1062-1062
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• 2001

The concept of “precision agriculture” or “site-specific farming” is usually confined to the fields of soil science, crop science and agronomy. However, because plants grow in soil, animals eat plants, and humans eat animal products, it could be argued (perhaps with some poetic licence) that the fields of feed quality, animal nutrition and animal production should also be considered in this context. NIR spectroscopy has proved over the last 20 years that it can provide a firm foundation for quality measurement across all of these fields, and with the continuing developments in instrumentation, computer capacity and software, is now a major cog in the wheel of precision agriculture. There have been a few giant leaps and a lot of small steps in the impact of NIR on the animal world. These have not been confined to the amazing advances in hardware and software, although would not have occurred without them. Rapid testing of forages, grains and mixed feeds by NIR for nutritional value to livestock is now commonplace in commercial laboratories world-wide. This would never have been possible without the pioneering work done by the USDA NIR Forage Research Network in the 1980's, following the landmark paper of Norris et al. in 1976. The advent of calibration transfer between instruments, algorithms which utilize huge databases for calibration and prediction, and the ability to directly scan whole grains and fresh forages can also be considered as major steps, if not leaps. More adventurous NIR applications have emerged in animal nutrition, with emphasis on estimating the functional properties of feeds, such as in vivo digestibility, voluntary intake, protein degradability and in vitro assays to simulate starch digestion. The potential to monitor the diets of grazing animals by using faecal NIR spectra is also now being realized. NIR measurements on animal carcasses and even live animals have also been attempted, with varying degrees of success, The use of discriminant analysis in these fields is proving a useful tool. The latest giant leap is likely to be the advent of relatively low-cost, portable and ultra-fast diode array NIR instruments, which can be used “on-site” and also be fitted to forage or grain harvesters. The fodder and livestock industries are no longer satisfied with what we once thought was revolutionary: a 2-3 day laboratory turnaround for fred quality testing. This means that the instrument needs to be taken to the samples rather than vice versa. Considerable research is underway in this area, but the challenge of calibration transfer and maintenance of instrument networks of this type remains. The animal world is currently facing its biggest challenges ever; animal welfare, alleged effects of animal products on human health, environmental and economic issues are difficult enough, but the current calamities of BSE and foot and mouth disease are “the last straw” NIR will not of course solve all these problems, but is already proving useful in some of these areas and will continue to do so.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.96-106
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• 1984

Changes in weed floras and development of plant resistance to herbicides seemed to be closely related with increased and repeated use of herbicides. Herbicide use increased from 5% of the total consumption of pesticide in 1950 to 45% in 1976 in world basis. About 200 herbicides have been introduced to agriculture so as to control about 206 weed species which have been recorded important to human beings. In Korea, there was about 351 times in increased use of herbicides from 1966 to 1982. Interspecific selection by herbicide is mainly responsible for changes in weed floras and resulted in varying tolerance or susceptibility to herbicides, together with the changes of agricultural practices. The present trend toward continuous cereal cultivation throughout world will lead to type of changes in weed floras favorable to therophyte which can survive under unfavorable conditions as seeds rather than the types of geophyte which can survive unfavorable seasons as buds placed below soil surface. However, geophyte such as Sagitaria pygmaea, and Scirpus jurtcoides, and Cyperus rotundus and Cynodon dactylon in temperate warm climate become severe paddy weeds, presumably because of the removal of annual weeds by herbicides. Since differential tolerance to 2,4-D was firstly reported in Agrostis stolofera, about 30 species of weeds in 18 genera are presently known to have developed resistance to triazine herbicides. Resistance of weed biotypes to triazine herbicide is not mainly due to limited absorption and translocation or to the difference in metabolism, but is the result of biochemical changes at the site of metabolic activity, such as a loss of herbicide affinity for triazine binding site in the photosystem II complex of the chloroplast membrane. Genetical study showed that plastid resistance to triazine was wholly inherited through cytoplasmic DNA in the case of Brassica campestris. Plant tissue culture method can be utilized as an alternate mean of herbicide screening and development of resistance variants to herbicides as suggested by Chaleff and Parsons. In this purpose, one should be certain that the primary target process is operational in cell culture. Further, there are a variety of obstacles in doing this type of research, particularly development of resistance source and it's regeneration because cultured cells and whole plants represent different developmental state.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.123-136
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• 2012

Diseases caused by begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) constitute a serious constraint to tropical and sub-tropical agro-ecosystems worldwide. In recent years, they have also introduced in temperate regions of the world where they have great impact and are posing a serious threat to a variety of greenhouse crops. Begomoviral diseases can in extreme cases reduce yields to zero leading to catastrophic losses in agriculture. They are still evolving and pose a serious threat to sustainable agriculture across the world, particularly in tropics and sub-tropics. Till recently, there have been no records on the occurrence of begomoviral disease in South Korea, however, the etiology of other plant viral diseases are known since last century. The first begomovirus infected sample was collected from sweet potato plant in 2003 and since then there has been gradual increase in the begomoviral epidemics specially in tomato and sweet potato crops. So far, 48 begomovirus sequences originating from various plant species have been submitted in public sequence data base from different parts of the country. The rapid emergence of begomoviral epidemics might be with some of the factors like evolution of new variants of the viruses, appearance of efficient vectors, changing cropping systems, introduction of susceptible plant varieties, increase in global trade in agricultural products, intercontinental transportation networks, and changes in global climatic conditions. Another concern might be the emergence of a begomovirus complex and satellite DNA molecules. Thorough understanding of the pathosystems is needed for the designing of effective managements. Efforts should also be made towards the integration of the resistant genes for the development of transgenic plants specially tomato and sweet potato as they have been found to be widely infected in South Korea. There should be efficient surveillance for emergence or incursions of other begomoviruses and biotypes of whitefly. This review discusses the general characteristics of begomoviruses, transmission by their vector B. tabaci with an especial emphasis on the occurrence and distribution of begomoviruses in South Korea, and control measures that must be addressed in order to develop more sustainable management strategies.

• 한국전통조경학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.30-39
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• 2019

본 연구는 이어(李漁; 1611-1680)의 "한정우기(閑情偶寄)" "종식부(種植部)"에 수록된 68종 식물 중 상징적 의미와 독특한 완상 방식을 지닌 27종의 식물을 추출하여 고찰했다. 해석한 내용을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 식물의 상징성이다. 1) 모란은 외적으로 꽃이 아름다울 뿐만 아니라 강직하고 정직한 특성을 갖기 때문에 화왕(花王)으로 삼는다. 모란과 겨룰 수 있는 꽃은 작약밖에 없으나 작약을 화상(花相)으로 비유한다. 이어는 작약도 마땅히 다섯 등급의 제후(諸侯) 대열에 속해야 한다고 했다. 2) 이어는 복사꽃과 동백꽃을 미인의 뺨으로 해당화, 재스민 꽃, 다화장미, 수선화, 개양귀비를 자태가 다양한 여인으로 비유하면서 이에 대한 사랑스러운 감정을 꽃에 투영하였다. 3) 이어는 연꽃을 꽃 중의 군자로, 황양목을 나무 중의 군자로 삼는다. 반대로 서향을 꽃 중의 소인(小人)으로 비유한다. 4) 감탕나무는 풍채가 있으나 절개를 과시하지 않는 까닭에 이어는 감탕나무를 은사로, 멀리서 바라본 능소화를 하늘 끝의 신선으로 비유한다. 둘째, 식물의 완상 방식이다. 1) 식물감상 시 보조 시설을 활용해야 한다. 야외에 나갈 때 천막을 휴대하야 하고, 정원에서 매화를 감상 시 종이 병풍을 활용해야 정취를 더욱 느낄 수 있다고 했다. 매화 이외에도 이어는 난초 옆에 감상할 수 있는 기물을 배치해야 더욱 다채롭게 식물을 향유할 수 있다고 했다. 2) 이어는 백일홍과 살구나무의 예를 들어 식물은 동물과 사람처럼 지각이 있다고 주장했다. 3) 오감으로 식물과 교류하는 것이 필요하다고 했고, 이는 버드나무와 합환을 통해 가능하다고 했다. 연꽃과 매괴의 예를 들어 식물은 관상 가치뿐만 아니라 실용 가치가 있다고 강조했다. 4) 사물의 비유로, 일반 사람들은 계관화를 '닭 벼슬'로 보는 반면에 이어는 하늘의 상서로운 구름과 같다고 했다. 종합하자면 본 연구는 이어가 식물에 의미를 부여하여 인간의 다감각적 세계를 식물에 투영해서 인격화하고 식물에 대한 그의 사랑을 더해 독특한 식물 향유 방식을 표출해 냈다는 것에 의미가 있다. 명말청초에 문인들이 아취(雅趣)의 삶을 추구했는데, 그의 식물의 상징성 및 식물 완상 방식은 그 당시 문인들의 아취의 삶을 반영할 수 있다고 생각한다.

• 셀메드
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.20.1-20.5
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• 2018

Cancer is considered one of the deadly diseases in the world. According to WHO cancer now causes more deaths than all coronary heart disease. The incidence and mortality of the worldwide major cancers are now available in the GLOBOCAN series of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The transition of global demographic and epidemiologic shows that burden of cancer will increase particularly in low and middle income countries, with over 20 million new cancer cases expected annually as early as 2025. Medicinal plants made known to be prospective and useful job for the treatment of several diseases and disorders from prehistoric days to nowadays. One of the commonly used plants, which have supporting evidences from the recent scientific data for the different types of cancers, is Carica papaya. Papaya (Carica papaya) is widely used as folk caloric herbal medicine, being a powerhouse of nutrients and accessible throughout the year. It is a rich source of three powerful antioxidants, the minerals, vitamins and contains high content of fibre. Carica papaya has provided many remedies for various diseases from ancient days to nowadays, and is regarded as a Nutraceutical. Because of this comprehensive medicinal value of Carica papaya, we are trying here to convey the reports studied especially for the anticancer activities of the age-old fruit, which will help researchers to pull in concert data and may be a "lead" for the one of the dangerous disease in the world.

• Interdisciplinary Bio Central
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.11.1-11.8
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• 2010

Indonesia is a mega-biodiversity country having at least one trillion US Dollars value of biological resources per year over the next 20 years. Indonesia is home to 11 percent of the world's flowering plant species and 12 percent of all mammals. Many of Indonesia's species and more than half of the archipelago's endemic plant species are found nowhere else on the Earth. This information is just a small portion of all higher plants and animals being found in Indonesia. Former studies described that total number of species in Indonesia is estimated more than 1,000,000 and most of them remain unknown scientifically. Most of lower plants and animals have not been studied yet, so that greatest portion of Indonesia's biological resources has never been assessed with respect to its economic value or conservation status. Many developed countries are building cooperation with Indonesia on resources, mainly in the fields of grant aid, socio-economic services, R & D, researcher exchange, technology transfer, infrastructure, education/training, finance, etc. Indonesia will obtain greater benefits and management of its biological richness via increasing its international capacity to add value and information to its biological diversity. These goals can be achieved by close international collaboration on search of important biological resources and other bioactive products that have potential economic values. Development of biological resource-based technology stands as the industry of the $21^{st}$ century and, therefore, Indonesia has a unique opportunity to lead the process in the world.

• 한국막학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국막학회 2002년도 제10회 하계 Workshop
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• pp.1-12
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• 2002

Desalination by reverse osmosis (RO), which first entered commercial use in the 1970s, was initially mainly used for treating brackish water. Technological progress led to the development of an RO membrane enabling single-pass seawater desalination. Toyobo succeeded in developing a single-pass seawater desalination RO module composed of hollow fiber type membranes made of cellulose triacetate in 1978, and then in 1979 began production of the first commercially available double-element module. This double-element module has many advantages suitable for seawater desalination. It has high chlorine tolerance and high salt rejection, derived from the properties of the membrane material, and it is highly resistant to fouling and scaling matters due to the unique flow pattern and fiber bundle configuration. These advantages help to explain why the Toyobo double-element module has been used so successfully at the many seawater desalination plants around the world. Since the 1980s, large plants capable of desalinating several tens of thousands of cubic meters a day have sprung up around the Mediterranean and In the Middle East. The Jeddah RO Phase I Plant, which has a capacity of 56, 800m$^3$/day, went into operation in 1989. In 1994, the same sized Phase II Plant came on stream, giving the plant a huge total capacity of 113, 600m$^3$/day. The plant constructor Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. (MHI), and the RO membrane manufacturer Toyobo Co., Ltd. In 1998, the world's largest RO seawater desalination plant in operation, which has a capacity of 128, 000m$^3$/day and is run by Saudi Arabia's Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC), went into operation at Yanbu. RO seawater desalination technology has thus already reached the stage of full-scale commercial use. In order to encourage its wider use, however, RO desalination needs to be made more economical by lowering construction and water treatment costs. Toyobo has therefore developed a new economical RO desalination system by a recovery ratio of 60% using a high-pressure module with a high product flow rate. In 2000, Toyobo high recovery membrane module was selected for the largest seawater desalination plant in Japan, which has a capacity of 50, 000m$^3$/day.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.79-93
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• 2016

본 연구는 한국과 중국의 대표 원림서(園林書) 가운데 하나인 "양화소록(養花小錄)"과 "장물지(長物志)"를 비교하여 한중 원림에 나타난 문인의 취향을 이해하고자 했다. 주요 비교 대상은 화목류이며, 연구 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 강희안은 화목을 기르고 감상하는 궁극적인 목적을 자신의 완성에 두었지만, 문진형(文震亨)은 은일의 삶을 실천하는 수단으로 화목을 이용하였다. 둘째, 강희안이 화목을 기르는 것은 성리학적 '격물치지(格物致知)'를 바탕으로 한 인간의 덕성 함양이지만, 문진형은 화목의 형태나 배식방법을 통해 '아(아취(雅趣))'를 구현하였다. 셋째, 양국 문인의 화목 선호도는 많은 부분에서 유사하지만, 화목을 화분에 두고 감상하는데 있어서는 어느 정도 차이를 보인다. 일례로 화분을 선택하거나 배치하는데 있어서만 하더라도 강희안에게는 소박함과 담백함이, 문진형에게는 화려함과 세련됨이 특징적으로 나타난다. 그리고 문인 정신의 표본이 되었던 송대(宋代) 문인의 완상(玩賞) 취미에 비춰볼 때, 강희안은 내면의 정신세계를 계승한 반면, 문진형은 '문인다움'을 시각적 이미지로 표출시켰다.