• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.435-444
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• 2010

To identify and evaluate the risk factors in WMSD work, a number of ergonomic workload evaluation methods have been developed. In the legal examination of WMSD risk factors, simple observational workload evaluation methods are widely used instead of using costly measurement equipments such as EMG and motion analyzer. The simple workload evaluation methods can be categorized into three groups; risk factor checklist methods, posture observation methods, and manual material handling task evaluation methods. In terms of the categories, this survey summarized several representative workload evaluation methods and compared them each other. Then some industrial application cases referring each the workload evaluation methods were surveyed. Due to the characteristics of each method, the selection and application procedure of workload evaluation method should be appropriate for the corresponding work. Therefore, some guidelines for the selection and application procedure of workload evaluation method were suggested.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2009

Driving is a complex psychomotor task often interrupted by secondary activities that increase cognitive workload and divert attention away from the roadway. The risk of inattentive driving is known to vary with age. To assess the characteristics of advancing age on driver's cognitive workload under dual task condition, we evaluate the performance of 96 drivers divided into three age groups: 20's, 40's, and 60's. This study considers driver's cognitive workload in the context of urban and highway driving. Error rate & Dual task cost are used to measure driver's cognitive workload. Results indicate that age impacts cognitive workload during dual task driving conditions.

• 대한교통학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.67-78
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 30명의 피실험자를 대상으로 운전자의 운전부하 특성을 분석하였다. 설계운전자의 심리생리적 특성을 파악하고자 뇌의 후두엽부위 뇌파신호를 이용하여 시뮬레이션 실험과 현장주행 실험을 수행하였다. 본 연구를 통해 다음과 같은 결론을 도출하였다. 첫째, 운전자의 생체신호(뇌파)를 이용하여 설계운전자의 특성을 표현할 수 있었다. 둘째, 설계운전자의 운전부하 설명변수로는 베타파 값과 상대에너지 계수 값이 통계적으로 유의하였다. 셋째, 시뮬레이터 주행실험치의 90퍼센타 일 범위값이 설계운전자의 특성으로 적정한 것으로 분석되었다. 넷째, 실제 도로주행상황에서, 설계운전자의 최대 각성값은 베타파의 경우 31.72이며, 상대에너지계수 지표의 경우 1.296으로 분석되었다.

• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.62-70
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to identify workload measurement indicators for school nurses in order to provide high-quality health care and deploy school nurses effectively. Methods: A second Delphi survey was conducted on 21 experts with more than 5 years of school nurses experience. To develop indicators related to the workload of school nurses, the importance and measurability of a total of 21 workload indicators were investigated, including school nurses characteristics, school characteristics, health needs of students, and socioeconomic determinants. Results: As a result of the Delphi survey, it was found that 6 indicators were suitable in terms of importance and 8 indicators in terms of measurability. The important indicators the panel agreed on include the size of the city where the school is located, the total number of students, the number of classes, the percentage of students with chronic illness, the percentage of students visiting the health office per day, and the percentage of wound care in the health office per day. Conclusion: The percentage of students with chronic illness and the percentage of wound care per day need to be reflected in school nurse workload indicators and follow-up studies are required to shed more light on the socioeconomic determinants of schools.

• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.32-39
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• 2009

Due to the lack of navigable airspace caused by worldwide air traffic increases, air traffic control(ATC) services are becoming more complex, which results in the increase of aircraft accidents. To cope with these challenges, major aviation institutes abroad are actively conducting research regarding the human factors affecting controllers but as of late, no such specialized activities have been found in Korea. Due to the dynamic attributes of ATC operations, management of controller's situation awareness(SA) and workload, and knowledge on the impact of abnormal aircraft to controllers are very important. Furthermore, using actual flight data of each country will lead to valuable results, because individually, it has different airspace characteristics and air traffic volumes. This study assumed that air traffic difficulties would affect the controller's SA and workload. To testify the above hypothesis, the abnormal air traffic situations are simulated by using ATC simulator. The findings indicated that the effect of traffic situations containing abnormal aircraft on the controller's SA and workload, it led to demand increase and supply decrease in SA, and increased mental demand, temporal demand, effort and mean workload score in the workload.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.111-116
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• 2019

최근 GPU가 그래픽 처리뿐 아니라 다양한 분야의 병렬 처리로 그 영역을 넓혀가고 있다. 그러나, 현재 GPU는 워크로드의 다양성을 반영하기보다 간결한 제어 구조를 통한 개별 워크로드의 병렬성 극대화에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 본 논문은 워크로드 특성을 반영한 GPU 작업 배치를 위해 GPU에서 수행되는 워크로드의 자원 사용 특성을 컴퓨팅 바운드형, 메모리 바운드형, 실행종속 지연형으로 분류한 후, 각 분류에서 병목점이 되는 세부 자원을 규명한다. 예를 들어 컴퓨팅 바운드형의 경우 단정밀도 연산장치, 배정밀도 연산장치, 특수함수 연산장치 등 병목 자원이 무엇인지 분석한다. 본 논문의 분석 결과는 동일한 컴퓨팅 바운드형 워크로드라도 병목이 되는 세부 자원이 다를 경우 함께 배치하는 것이 성능 충돌을 일으키지 않는다는 점을 규명하여 GPU 작업배치의 효율화에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국시뮬레이션학회논문지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.35-49
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• 1999

The CC-NUMA based, distributed shared memory is an emerging architecture for multiprocessor computer systems because of its scalability and easy of programming. In this paper, we analyzed performance of a ring-based, CC-NUMA multiprocessor computer system using a commercial workload targeted for popular OLTP applications. Based on the traces collected from real machines, the characteristics of the commercial workload could be obtained. The simulation results showed that the bottleneck on the ring could be effectively removed by using a dual ring structure. We believe our simulation methodology and results will help us to design better multiprocessor computer systems for commercial application domains.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.167-177
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• 2013

Objective: This study aims to compare the usefulness of subjective measures which are comprised of existing methods like NASA-TLX, Bedford-scale and ZEIS and newly developed method like DALI in measuring drivers' mental workload in terms of validity, sensitivity and diagnosticity. Background: Nowadays, with the development of intelligent vehicle and HMI, mental workload of driver has become more and more important. For this reason, the studies on drivers' mental workload about driving situation and the use of information technology equipment such as mobile phones and navigations were conducted intensively. However, the studies on measuring drivers' mental workload were rarely conducted. Moreover, most of studies on comparison of subjective measures were used with performance based measure. However, performance based measures can cause distraction effect with subjective measures. Method: Participants (N=19) were engaged in a driving simulation experiment in 2 driving contexts (downtown driving and highway driving context). The experiment has 2 sessions according to driving contexts. The level of difficulties by driving contexts were adjusted according to existence of intersections, traffic signs and signals, billboards and the number of doublings. Moreover, as criteria of concurrent validity and sensitivity, the EEG data were recorded before and during the sessions. Results: The results indicated that all subjective methods were correlates with EEG in high-way driving. On the contrary to this, in downtown driving, all subjective methods were not correlates with EEG. In terms of sensitivity, multi-dimensional scales (NASA-TLX, DALI) were the only ones to identify differences between high way and downtown driving. Finally, in terms of diagnosticity, DALI was the most suitable method for evaluating drivers' mental workload in driving context. Conclusion: The DALI as newly developed method dedicated to evaluate driver's mental workload was superior in terms of sensitivity and diagnosticity. However, researchers should consider the characteristics of each subjective method synthetically according to research objective by selecting the method in subjective measures. Application: The results of this study could be applied to the intelligent vehicle and next generation of HMI design to decrease mental workload of driver and for the development of new subjective method in vehicle domain.

• 임상간호연구
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.296-311
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• 2023

Purpose: This study aimed to identify factors related to the workload of intensive care unit nurses through a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to provide basic data to explore the direction of development of nursing staffing standards. Methods: This study involved quantitative studies about nurses working in intensive care units related to nursing workload published in English or Korean since 2000. Search terms included 'intensive care unit', 'nursing workload', and their variations. Databases such as RISS, DBpia, MEDLINE(PubMed), CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science were utilized. Quality assessment was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute's Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies. JAMOVI software facilitated the analysis of effect sizes, employing a meta-analysis approach for 7 studies with correlational or regression data. Results: From 16 studies on the workload of intensive care unit nurses, a total of 20 patient and nurse-related factors were identified. Patient-related factors included severity of illness, length of stay, and age. Meta-analysis was conducted for three patient-related factors: age, severity of illness measured by SAPS 3, and length of stay. Only severity of illness measured by SAPS 3 was significantly associated with nurse workload (Zr=0.16, p<.001, 95% CI=0.09-0.24). Conclusion: In previous studies, the characteristics of intensive care units and patients varied across studies, and a variety of scales for measuring workload and severity of illness were also used. Sustained research reflecting domestic intensive care unit work environments and assessing the workload of intensive care unit nurses should be imperative.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:시스템및이론
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• 제33권9호
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• pp.658-665
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• 2006

근래 들어 모바일 임베디드 시스템의 기능이 다양화 되고 멀티미디어 응용 등의 사용 증대로 인해 시스템 가용시간의 연장을 바라는 사용자의 요구가 증가하고 있다. 본 논문은 모바일 임베디드 시스템의 효율적인 에너지 관리를 위하여 수행되는 응용프로그램의 종류를 고려한 통합전력제어 기법을 제시한다. 기존의 방법들은 CPU와 WMIC의 소모 에너지 절감을 위한 동적 전압 및 주파수 변경기법과 동적 전력모드 제어기법들을 따로 사용하거나 서로 관계가 없다는 가정하에 단순히 결합하여 시스템에 적용시켰다. 하지만 제시되는 매커니즘은 WNIC을 통하여 들어오는 네트워크 트래픽을 분석하여 응용의 종류를 판단한 후 판단된 응용의 특성을 반영하여 CPU와 WNIC를 적절한 전력모드로 동적으로 제어함으로써 시스템 레벨의 에너지 소모를 효율적으로 줄일 수 있다. 실험결과는 제시되는 매커니즘에 의해 기존의 CPU와 WNIC의 모드를 별개로 제어한 방법에 비해 BE (Best Effort) 응용, CBR (Constant Bit Rate) 응용, 그리고 Interactive 응용에 대해서 평균 9%, 최대 16%까지의 소모 에너지 절감 효과를 보였다.