• Human Ecology Research
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.297-310
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• 2021

This study examined the social wellbeing of working mothers of preschool children with the aim of identifying relationships between social wellbeing and influencing factors, focusing on the individual, relationship, and work environment of the mothers. Data on 390 working mothers were used for this study. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 18.0 program and descriptive statistics. Pearson's correlation analyses and hierarchical regression analyses were performed. The results show that social wellbeing has significantly positive correlations with education, monthly household income, number of children, age of the first child(8 and over), social capital for childcare, division of childcare, maternal role values, spouse's beliefs about paternal parenting involvement, and family-supportive work environment, as well as significantly negative correlations with weekly working hours, sociological ambivalence, spouse's beliefs about father's breadwinner role and gender-role values, job overload, and gender-role attitudes of coworkers. In addition, hierarchical regression revealed that spouse's beliefs about paternal parenting involvement and a family-supportive work environment were significantly positive predictors of working mothers'social wellbeing, whereas working mothers'sociological ambivalence toward their roles, job overload, and gender-role attitudes of coworkers were significantly negative predictors of working mothers'social wellbeing. These results point to ways of changing education and policy to improve the social wellbeing of working mothers.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.173-192
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• 1999

The differences of coping behaviors of professional and non-professional working mothers were assessed using data(n=704) from the working mothers with children under age 18. Professional working mothers' individual characters family and occupational conditions are more suitable than non-professionals for the coping behaviors. And such individual and situational aspects may relate to the differences of coping behaviors of he two groups. In general professional working mothers use coping behaviors more except the 'role reducation' and 'taking the support of fiends & neighbor' On the other hand the conservativeness and passive attitude in role strain coping is the same aspect of the two groups. Finally the relation of individual character family and occupational condition of working mothers to their coping behavios are slightly different in this two working mothers groups.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the direct and indirect effects (through working mothers' overprotective parenting behavior) of working mothers' separation anxiety and job satisfaction on preschoolers' separation anxiety. Methods: A total of 251 working mothers with preschool-aged children participated in this study. Mothers completed a questionnaire concerning their separation anxiety, job satisfaction, overprotective parenting behavior, and preschoolers' separation anxiety. Data were analyzed using t-test, one-way ANOVAs, partial correlations and path analysis. Results: In terms of direct effects, working mothers' separation anxiety had a direct effect on preschoolers' separation anxiety. However, job satisfaction did not have a direct effect on preschoolers' separation anxiety. With respect to indirect effects, working mothers' separation anxiety indirectly influenced preschoolers' separation anxiety through their overprotective parenting behavior. However, mothers' job satisfaction did not have an indirect effect on preschoolers' separation anxiety. Conclusion/Implications: Findings from this study emphasize the importance of reducing mothers' separation anxiety in order to prevent preschoolers' separation anxiety.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.249-270
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate the stability and reciprocal effects of maternal parenting stress and perceived social support in early childhood. Specifically, we compared these relations for working and nonworking mothers. The second through fourth wave data of the Panel Study of Korean Children (PSKC) were used in this study. Data were analyzed using t-tests, correlations, and autoregressive cross-lagged modeling analyses. First, parenting stress of non-working mothers was higher than that of working mothers and working mothers perceived higher levels of social support compared to nonworking mothers. Second, both maternal parenting stress and social support were stable over time. Third, there were significant reciprocal effects between maternal parenting stress and perceived social support. Differences between working and non-working mothers were found in the paths from parenting stress to social support. The implications of the stability and reciprocal effects of parenting stress and perceived social support and the difference between working and non-working mothers in the relationship of the two constructs have been discussed.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.97-118
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to provide background information to help develop family-friendly policies which aid in the ability for employees to balance family and work, and to increase the effectiveness and feasibility of these policies at work sites. We surveyed the performance and usage of work-family balance policies among working mothers with young children. We also examined the factors influencing the job satisfaction of working mothers. The study sample consisted of 237 working mothers with young children. We found that family economic status, working mother's experience of family leave or maternity leave, and easiness of policy use are important factors in a working mother's job satisfaction. Especially when individual and job characteristics are controlled, the most influential factor on working mothers' job satisfaction was the experience of family leave or maternity leave. In addition, the easiness of family-friendly policy use was a significant factor in working mothers' job-satisfaction.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.43-59
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• 2018

The purpose of this study were to explorer the factors affecting the psychological well-being of working mothers and to investigate the moderating effect of spousal support and support systems for work family compatibility on relationship between work-family conflict and psychological well-being. The subjects were 300 working mothers who are aged under 50, have more than one child live in Seoul. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0. The Results are follows. First, the analysis of work-family conflicts, spousal support and support systems for work-family compatibility, and psychological well-being of working mothers indicated that the working mothers perceived family-work conflict to be higher than work-family conflict. The working mothers received stronger support from support systems intended for work-family compatibility than from their spouses. The score of the psychological well-being of the working mothers was 3.27 (standard deviation = .91), which is higher than median. Second, the factors influencing the working mothers' psychological well-being were age, monthly household income, number of children, work${\rightarrow}$family and family${\rightarrow}$work conflict, and spousal support. Greater psychological well-being was linked to a young maternal age, a high monthly household income, a low number of children, low levels of work${\rightarrow}$family and family${\rightarrow}$work conflict, and strong spousal support. Third, spousal support mediated the relationship between family${\rightarrow}$work conflict and psychological well-being.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.73-85
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• 2010

The purpose of this qualitative research is to explore the intergenerational ambivalence of mothers with preschoolers. Twenty full-time mothers and 19 working mothers were interviewed in depth. Most of the participants who received instrumental support from their mothers showed ambivalence, and especially the working mothers were more likely to feel ambivalence than the full-time mothers. However, participants who received little or no support from their mothers did not report any ambivalent feelings. Their ambivalent feelings came from both their social structure and intrapersonal contradictions. In order to avoid ambivalent feelings, some participants redefined receiving support from their mothers as a positive thing. Meanwhile, the participants who received active support tried to divert their ambivalence by providing child care support for their children, and they showed a 'repayment provision' tendency. Some working mothers and most of the full-time mothers said they would allot 'limited provision' by excluding child care support for their children. Those who were aware of this ambivalence issue sought 'reasonable provision' for their children. Depending on these results, several suggestions are presented to solve the ambivalence.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.55-71
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of coping behaviors of non-professional working mothers and find out the individual and situational factors which affect the degree of coping behaviors. For this research, the working mothers in non-professional job with children under age 18 answered the structured questionaire. The findings were as follows. First, the degree of coping behaviors was rather high in multiple role management strategies, strengthening family system and positive thinking, but rather low in housework socialization and role reduction/standard adjustment. Second, the effect of associated variables were different according to the subcategories of coping behaviors. So we conclude that, the coping behaviors of the non-professional working mothers were different from those of professional working mothers in some aspects, althought they have much similarities. The different aspects were 1) The relationship of family income and the degree of housework socialization was more evident. 2) The work-related variables did not affect the coping process significantly because of the conservative sex-role attitued of them. Second, non-professional working mothers should use coping behaviors such as housework socialization, role reduction/standard adjustment more for the more effective management of the role strain. Third, the attitude of occupational and parental role was one of the most important factors in using the role strain coping behaviors. And such an unconscious use of the coping behavior won't be helpful in the feeling of control over environment including role strain and active coping of working mothers.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.117-126
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze the difference of working mothers' work-child rearing strain and their demand on special care services according to each mother's work conditions and childcare situation. 477 working mothers who have only one child each were gathered by the use of the purposive quota sampling method and analyzed with t-test, F-test, correlation, and multiple regression. The main results showed that working mothers had high work-child rearing strain and demand on special care services when their working conditions were inflexible and they were not satisfied with the care services for their child. The major variable which explained working mothers' demand on special care services was e their work-child rearing strain.

• Korean Journal of Family Social Work
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• no.54
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• pp.7-39
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• 2016

This study aimed at examining the effects of the environmental aspects of work-family role conflict on child-rearing attitudes of working mothers. To accomplish study purpose, 267 working mothers were asked to fill out the survey questionnaires. The research results were as follows. First with regards to the effects of both direction of work-family role conflict on child-rearing attitudes of working mothers: the work interference with family conflict was negatively related to affectionate child-rearing attitudes of working mothers; the work interference with family conflict was positively related to rejection child-rearing attitudes and control child-rearing attitudes of working mothers; and the family interference with work conflict was negatively related to autonomic child-rearing attitudes of working mothers. Second, in terms of the effects of the three types of work-family role conflict on child-rearing attitudes of working mothers: the work family strain-based conflict was negatively related to affectionate child-rearing attitudes of working mothers; the work family strain-based conflict was positively related to rejection child-rearing attitudes and control child-rearing attitudes of working mothers; and the family work strain-based conflict was negatively related to affectionate child-rearing attitudes and autonomic child-rearing attitudes of working mothers. Based on these results, suggestions and implications were provided.