• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.30-41
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• 1976

정상적(正常的)으로 생장(生長)하고 있는 임분에서 시료개체(試料個體)를 얻어 수간석해(樹幹析解)를 하여 각종 성장인자(成長因子)에 대한 시계열적(時系列的)인 분석(分析)을 하였다. 이것은 주(主)로 연차상관(年次相關)의 계수(係數)로 계산분석(計算分析)되었다. 이것은 초기성장량(初期成長量)과 성숙기(成熟期)의 성장량(成長量)과의 통계학적(統計學的)인 상관(相關)을 보는 것이나 이상의 분석을 통해서 성숙기(成熟期)의 성장량(成長量)을 추정(推定)할 수 있는 가장 어린 시기(時期)의 연령(年齡)을 구명(究明)해 본다. (1) 잣나무에 있어서 수고(樹高), 직경(直徑) 그리고 재적(材積)의 연차별상관계수(年次別相關係數)의 변동(變動)은 분석(分析)한 결과(結果) 수고(樹高)는 직경(直徑)의 그것보다 더 낮은 값의 계수(係數)를 보였다. (2) 이와 같은 경향(傾向)은 지위(地位)에 관계할 것 없이 나타났다. 그러나 지위(地位)가 낮으면 상관계수(相關係數)의 값은 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 이것은 지력(地力)이 오히려 낮을때 유노(幼老)의 상관이 더 높다는 것을 말해준다. (3) 잣나무에 있어서 재적(材積)에 대한 연차별상관(年次別相關)을 보면 상관계수(相關係數)가 0.70이상으로 나타났는데 이것은 한 집단내의 개체군에 대하여 얻어진 값이다. (4) 낙엽송의 경우는 잣나무의 그것에 비교하여서 상관계수(相關係數)의 값이 더 작은 것으로 나타났다. 이것은 연령(年齡)으로 말할 때 낙엽송이 잣나무보다 조기추정(早期推定)이 더 힘들다는 것이 된다. (5) 낙엽송의 직경(直徑), 수고(樹高) 그리고 재적(材積)의 성장(成長)에 있어서 19개체(個體)의 순위변동(順位變動)을 보면 그 형질(形質)에 따라 그 내용(內容)이 크게 다르게 나타난다. 대체로 어릴 때 작은 개체(個體)는 커서도 작은 것으로 되고 큰 개체(個體)는 큰 것으로 되는 경향은 있으나 어떠한 특정(特定)의 개체(個體)를 대상으로 할 때에는 그 성장(成長)의 행동을 예측하기 어려운 점(點)을 지니고 있다. 그래서 이 점(點)을 유의(留意)할 필요(必要)가 있다. (6) 잣나무와 낙엽송의 경우 모두(그 형질(形質)이 수고(樹高)이든 직경(直徑)이든 또는 재적(材積)이든간에) 15년생 정도(程度)가 되면 그 때의 생장량(生長量)으로 장차의 생장량(生長量)을 추정(推定)할 수 있을 것으로 보았다.

• 복식문화연구
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.241-260
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• 1995

The Maori's traditional clothing materials, basic forms of dress, and the pattern and technique of tatoo were examined in the present study in order to deepen the appreciation of the cultural heritage of the Maori. The research method employed was the analysis of written materials. And a fild-trip was also made for the study. The study was limitted to the traditional culture of body adornment of the Maori including the clothing which is preserved and practicing by them at the present day, and the origin and the process of the historical development of those are not included in the scope of the present study. Followings are the results of the study: (1) By far the most widely used fiber for Maori clothing is abtained from what is commonly called New Zealand Flax. The fiber of kiekie(Freycinetia baueriana) and cabbage trees(Cordyline spp.) may also be used. The strong, long-lasting fiber of toi(cordyline indivisa) is used for a prestige warrior's cloak. Flat strips of ti kauka(Cordyline australi) are also used as thatch on rain cloaks. (2) Regardless of technique used, Maori weaving is always worked horizontally from left to right. Traditionally the work was suspended between two upright turuturu or weaving sticks. As the work progressed a second pair of uprights was used to keep the work off the ground. These uprights were moved forward as required. Because the weaver sat on the ground, the working edge was kept at a height that was comfortable to reach. No weaving tools are used, the wefts(aho) being manipulated by the fingers. The two main Maori weaving techniques are whatu aho patahi(single-pair twining) and whatu aho rua(double-pair twining). (3) The Maori wore two basic garments - a waist met and a cloak. The cloth of commoners were of plain manufacture, while those of people of rank were superior, sometimes being decorated with feather or dyed tags and decorated borders. Children ran more-or-less naked until puberty, being dressed only for special events. Some working dress consisted of nothing more than belts with leaves thrust under them. Chiefs and commoners usually went barefoot, using rough sandals on journeys over rough country (4) The adornment of men and women of rank was an important matter of tribal concern as it was in chiefly persons that prestige of the group was centred, The durable items of Maori persons adornment were either worn or carried. Ornaments of various kinds were draped about the neck or suspended from pierced earlobes. Combs decorated the head. Personal decorations not only enhanced the appearance of men and women, but many had protective magical function. The most evident personal ornament was the hei-tiki made of jade or other material. Maori weapons were treasured by their owners. They served on bottle and were also personal regalia. A man of rank was not fully dressed without a weapon in hand. Also weapons were essential to effective oratory. (5) No man or woman of rank went without some tattoo adornment except in extremely rare instances when a person was too sacred to have any blood shed. The untattooed were marked as beeing commoners of no social standing. This indelible mark of rank was begun, with appropriate rite and ritual, at puberty. And tattoo marked the person as being of a marriageable age. Maori tattoo was unlike most traditional tattoo in that its main line were 'engraved' on the face with deep cuts made by miniature bone chisels. The fill-in areas were not tattooed with cuts but with the multiple pricks of small bone 'combs' that only lightly penetrated the skin surface. The instrument of tattoo consisted of small pots of pumice or wood into which was placed a wetted black pigment made from burnt kauri gum, burnt vegetable caterpillars or other sooty materials. A bird bone chisel or comb set at right angles on a short wooden handle was dipped into the gigment, that a rod or stick was used to tap head of this miniature adze, causing penetration of the skin surface. Black pigment lodged under the skin took on a bluish tinge. A full made facial tattoo consisted of major spirals with smaller spirals on each side of the nose and sweeping curved lines radiating out from between the brows over the forehead and from the nose to the chin. The major patterns were cut deep, while the secondary koru patterns were lightly pricked into the skin.

• 멤브레인
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.66-73
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• 2001

중공사막의 일단이 자유롭게 움직여 막 오염 현상을 줄일 수 있도록 고안된 침지형 프리엔드 중 공사막 모듈에 아주 짧은 주기로 역세를 실시하는 역충격을 적용하여 중공사막의 기초 오염 특성을 조사하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 막은 폴리설폰(PS, polysulfone)과 폴리아크릴로니트릴(PAN, polyacrylonitrile) 재질의 내경 0.7mm, 외경 1.3mm, 분획분자량 50,000인 한외 여과막을 사용하여 모듈을 제작 후 MLSS 10,000mg/L의 반응조를 침지하였다. PS 중공사막의 역충격 유무에 따른 투과율과 압력 변화를 측정하였다. 역충격을 가하지 않은 경우, 모듈의 투과율은 초기 3시간 동안 급격히 감소하였고 150시간 이후에 일정한 투과율을 나타내었다. 역충격을 가한 모듈의 투과율 감소율은 현저히 줄어들었다. PS과 PAN 재질 중공사막의 역충격에 대한 영향을 15kPa에서 비교한 결과 초기 투과율은 PS 막이 19lmh, PAN 막이 16lmh이었다. 그러나 PS 막은 급격한 막 오염으로 인하여 압력이 30kPa까지 상승하였고 PAN 막은 15kPa에서 거의 일정하게 유지되었다. 160시간 이후 역충격을 멈추었을 때 PAN 막의 투과율은 역충격이 있을 때보다 더욱 감소하였고 PS 막은 역충격을 주었을 경우와 비슷한 투과율을 나타내었다. PAN 막은 역충격으로 인하여 막의 오염이 지연되고 있는 상태에서 역충격의 영향이 없어지므로 막의 오염이 계속적으로 생기는 것이고, PS 막의 경우는 초기의 급격한 막의 오염 때문에 역충격으로 인한 막오염 지연효과가 적었다.

• 화약ㆍ발파
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.62-78
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• 2009

최근 오래된 건축물의 재건축이나 도심재생, 자연 생태를 복원하기 위한 노력과 함께 빌딩 건축기술도 빠르게 발전하고 있어 노후화된 건축물에 대한 철거가 급증하고 있다. 건축물 철거공사 시에는 주변 환경에 피해를 주지 않고, 관련 법규를 준수하면서 수행되어야 하는데. 철거공법 중에는 여러 가지공법이 있으나 이중 발파해체 공법은 공사비용이나 안전 등을 고려할 때 가장 실용적인 철거공법이다. 본 논문은 대전천 생태 복원 사업 중의 일환으로 35년 전 대전천 상부에 복개 구조물로 건축된 중앙데파트를 철거하기 위해 발파해체 공법을 적용하여 철거를 수행한 사례이다. 본 구조물은 8층 건물로 높이는 지하층을 포함하여 총 41.6m이며, 건면적 $1,650m^2$, 연면적 $18,351m^2$ 이다. 주변에 상가 및 건물 등이 밀집한 대전시 중심에 위치하고 있으며, 주요시설물로는 대전 지하철(18m), 후면상가(20m), 지하상가(15m), 목척교와 은중교(0.25m) 및 광케이블(0.25m) 등이 있다. 본 porject는 복잡한 도심지인 점을 감안하여 발파해체 공법 중 내파공법으로 선정하였으며, 주요 시설물에 피해를 주지 않기 위하여 시뮬레이션 프로그램을 이용하여 사전에 구조물의 붕괴 거동을 검토한 후 시행되었다. 총 80kg의 폭약과 1,000발의 뇌관이 사용되었다. 본 프로젝트는 국내 도심지에서 내파공법을 적용하여 발파해체를 성공적으로 수행한 좋은 사례가 될 것이다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.781-793
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• 2003

This study was performed to investigate the stress level and health-related behaviors of nurses and to provide basic information for developing educational programs in the health care field. The subjects of this study were 197 nurses and 94 nursing assistants working at hospitals in the Kyung-nam area. A survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire in November, 2002. The results were as follows : The average age and work experience of the subjects were 26.9 and 5.6 years, respectively. The number of respondents in the shift and non-shift operations was equally distributed. The mean height and weight were 161.2 cm and 52.7 kg, respectively. Even though the average body mass index (BMI) and obesity index were normal in the subjects, 9.2% of the subjects were overweight/obese, while 28.9% of the subjects were under weight, according to the obesity index. The mean score of stress was 27.5 \pm$\pm$ 4.6 out of 50 points. Most of the subjects were highly stressed about the amount of their work, problems regarding their future, and relationships with their superiors. With regard to changes in food intake due to stress, 44.1% showed an increased intake, while 32.3% showed a reduced intake. The degree of health consciousness of the married nurses, those over 36 years of age, and those with over 10 years of nursing experience was significantly higher than that of the unmarried nurses, those under 35 years of age, and those with under 10 years of nursing experience (p<0.01). Fifty-one point three percent of the subjects thought their health status was unhealthy. Fifty-seven percent of the subjects had tried weight control. Their main reason for trying weight control was to have a slender figure (62.3%), and their methods of weight control were moderation in intake(45.6%), exercise and dieting (36.9%). TV/radio (49.5%) and newspaper/magazines (47.1%) were the primary sources of nutritional and health information for the subjects, and professional (25.1%) and the internet (13.4%) were ranked relatively highly. The food components of most concern to the subjects during meal time were (in order of importance) fats (51.9%), calories (40.2%) and salt (35.1%). The subjects considered 'taking a rest' (73.5%) as the most important factor in maintaining an optimal health status, followed by self-relaxation (56.4%), moderation in diet (39.5), bathing or using a sauna (25.7%) and exercising (22.7%).

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.49-58
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• 2020

In domestic construction sites, when installing steel pipe scaffolding and system scaffolding, the guardrails are installed after the installation of the work platforms. This conventional guardrail system (CGS) is always exposed to the risk of falls because the safety railing is installed later. In order to prevent fall disasters during erecting and dismantling scaffolds, it is necessary to introduce the advanced guardrail system (AGS) which installs railings in advance of climbing onto a work platform. For the introduction of the AGS, the structural performance of the system scaffolding applying the CGS and the AGS was compared and evaluated. The structural analysis of the system scaffold (height: 31 m and width: 27.4 m) with AGS confirmed that structural safety was ensured because the maximum stress of each element of the system scaffolding satisfies the allowable stress of each element. As a result of performance comparison of CGS and AGS for each element, the combined stress ratio of vertical posts in AGS was 6.4% lower than that of CGS. In addition, in the case of ledger and transom, the combined stress ratios of AGS and CGS were almost the same. The compression test of the assembled system scaffolding (three-storied, 1 bay) showed that the AGS had better performance than the CGS by 9.7% (8.91 kN). The cross bracing exceeds the limit on slenderness ratio of codes for structural steel design. But the safety factor for the compressive load of the cross bracing was evaluated as meeting the design criteria by securing 3 or more. In actual experiments, it was confirmed that brace buckling did not occur even though the overall scaffold was buckled. Therefore, in the case of temporary structures, it was proposed to revise the standards for limiting on slenderness ratio of secondary or auxiliary elements to recommendations. This study can be used as basic data for the introduction of AGS for installing guardrails in advance at domestic construction sites.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.23-36
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• 2017

Objective: This paper presents a study to evaluate the WBGT index for assessing the effects of a wide range of outdoor weather conditions on human responses. Background: The Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) index was firstly developed for the assessment of hot outdoor conditions. It is a recognised index that is used world-wide. It may be useful over a range of outdoor conditions and not just for hot climates. Method: Four group experiments, involving people performing a light stepping activity, were conducted to determine human responses to outside conditions in the U.K. They were conducted in September 2007 (autumn), December 2007 (winter), March 2008 (spring) and June 2008 (summer). Environmental measurements included WBGT, air temperature, radiant temperature (including solar load), humidity and wind speed all measured at 1.2m above the ground, as well as weather data measured by a standard weather station at 3m to 4m above the ground. Participants' physiological and subjective responses were measured. When the overall results of the four seasons are considered, WBGT provided a strong prediction of physiological responses as well as subjective responses if aural temperature, heart rate and sweat production were measured. Results: WBGT is appropriate to predict thermal strain on a large group of ordinary people in moderate conditions. Consideration should be given to include the WBGT index in warning systems for a wide range of weather conditions. However, the WBGT overestimated physiological responses of subjects. In addition, tenfold Borg's RPE was significantly different with heart rate measured for the four conditions except autumn (p<0.05). Physiological and subjective responses over 60 minutes consistently showed a similar tendency in the relationships with the $WBGT_{head}$ and $WBGT_{abdomen}$. Conclusion: It was found that either $WBGT_{head}$ or $WBGT_{abdomen}$ could be measured if a measurement should be conducted at only one height. The relationship between the WBGT values and weather station data was also investigated. There was a significant relationship between WBGT values at the position of a person and weather station data. For UK daytime weather conditions ranging from an average air temperature of $6^{\circ}C$ to $21^{\circ}C$ with mean radiant temperatures of up to $57^{\circ}C$, the WBGT index could be used as a simple thermal index to indicate the effects of weather on people. Application: The result of evaluation of WBGT might help to develop the smart clothing for workers in industrial sites and improve the work environment in terms of considering workers' wellness.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제97권5호
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• pp.508-515
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• 2008

Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) seedlings were grown under low light intensity and ozone treatments to investigate the role of the light environment in their response to chronic ozone stress. One-year-old seedlings of Platanus occidentalis L. were grown in pots for 3 weeks under low light (OL, $150{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) and high light (OH, $300{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) irradiance in combination with 150 ppb of ozone fumigation. After three weeks of ozone and light treatment, seedlings were placed in ozone free clean chamber for 3 weeks for recovery from ozone stress with same light conditions to compare recovery capacity. Ozone fumigation determined an impairment of the photosynthetic process. Reduction of leaf dry weight (14%) and shoo/root ratio (17%) were observed in OH treatment. OL treatment also showed severe reductions in leaf dry weight and shoot/root ratio by 48% and 36% comparing to control, respectively. At the recovery phase, OH-treated plants recovered their biomass, whereas OL-treated plant showed reduction in leaf dry weight (52%) and shoot/root ratio (49%). OH-treated plants reached similar relative growth rate (RGR) comparing to control, whereas OL-treated plants showed lower RGR in stem height. However, there were no significant differences in response to those treatments in stem diameter RGR at the recovery phase. Ozone treatment produced significant reduction of net photosynthesis in both high and low light treatments. Carboxylation efficiency and apparent quantum yield in OL-treated plants showed significant reductions rate to 10% and 45%, respectively. At the recovery stage, ozone exposed seedlings under high light had similar photosynthetic capacity comparing to control plants. Antioxidant enzymes activities such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) were increased in ozone fumigated plants only under low light. The present work shows that the physiological changes occur in photosynthesis-related parameters and growth due to ozone and low light stress. Thus, low light seems to enhance the detrimental effects of ozone on growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant enzyme responses.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제18권11호
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• pp.13-18
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• 2017

단지조성을 위한 성토과정에서 비다짐 시공은 별도의 다짐을 수행하지 않고 장비하중에 의해 다져지게 하는 공법으로 대부분의 현장에서 적용하고 있으나 구체적인 시공지침이나 시방에 명시되지 않아 토공량 평가에 불명확한 점이 있다. 본 연구에서는 단지조성을 위한 지반조성을 수행함에 있어 비다짐 성토지반에 대한 설계 토량환산계수와 실제 토량환산계수 값을 비교하여 타당성 여부를 검토하고 실내시험 및 현장시험, 하중-침하시험 등을 수행하여 합리적인 토량환산계수를 제안함으로써 현장에서의 토공 적정성을 검토하기 위한 기초연구이다. 비다짐 시 토량환산계수 C값은 1.0으로 설계하고 있으나, 현장실험결과 0.86으로 설계보다 작은 것으로 나타나 성토량이 증가될 것으로 예측되었으며, 시공결과 실제로 성토량에 차이가 발생하였다. 따라서 비다짐 성토의 경우 현장여건 및 성토고의 자중을 고려하여 현장조건에 적합한 C값을 실험을 통하여 적용하는 것이 타당할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.64-74
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• 2019

본 연구의 목적은 무등산국립공원 식생복원사업후 경과년수에 따라 식생변화상태, 인위적 복원조치에 대한 효과 등 식생회복정도를 평가하는데 있다. 1996년에 시행한 중봉 군부대 이전 복원공사지역과 1999년에 누에봉 방송통신시설 철거 복원공사지역에 식물상, 상대우점치, 종다양도, 유사도 등을 분석하기 위해 모니터링 시험구 11개소, 복원공사지역 인근 자연림에 대조구 10개소 등 총 21개소의 조사구를 설치하여 복원공사지역과 주변 자연림간 식생회복 정도를 평가하였다. 복원 후 17년이 경과한 중봉 군부대 이전 복원공사지역은 종구성의 유사도지수 평균치가 3.5%로 낮았으나 관목층의 수고는 112%의 수준으로 회복되었다. 복원 후 14년이 경과한 누에봉 방송통신시설 철거 복원공사지역의 유사도지수 평균치는 5.05%이었고 산철쭉과 털진달래가 출현하는 관목층의 수고는 82.6% 수준으로 회복되었다. 무등산국립공원과 다른 국립공원지역의 아고산대 복원평가방법과 복원공사기술개발을 위하여 복원공사지역의 지속적인 모니터링이 필요하다.