• Journal of architectural history
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.7-16
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• 2022

Traditional Korean architecture and traditional ships maintained a close relationship with carpenters and tools because wood, the material, was common. This close relationship may have been from the time of ancient architecture and ancient ships. In previous studies, researchers proved the relationship between these two sides through historical records of traditional architecture and traditional ships. This study attempts to prove the structural association using existing remains. As a result, three structural similarities between traditional architecture and traditional ships could be found. First, the types of wood used are similar, and the tools and terms used are similar. Second, the method of distinguishing horizontal and vertical materials and the structure of wood and the method of forming wood are similar. Lastly, the ship carpenters mobilized for the construction of the palace mainly worked on long and curved materials such as the eaves and the ridge of a roof, because this was the work done when the ship was built. Therefore, it can be assumed that the roof structure they created resembles that of the ship.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.7
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• pp.246-264
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• 1986

Micoromorphological alterations of sea-waterlogged woods by marinemicro-oragnisms were investigated by the light and scanning electron microscopy as a part of serial investigations on the shipwrecked materials which were excavated at the sea shore of Wando-Kun, southern coast of Korea in 1984.Deterioration of sea-waterlogged wood by marine microorganisms were varied with the wood species. The degree of deterioration even in the same wood specieswas different according to the part where it was in mud of sea-water. However, the resistance of Torreya nucifera over the marine organisms was marked. Deterioration in cell wall may be classified into three types; thinning of cell wall, separation of secondary wall from compound middle lamella and tunneling of cell wall. Thinning and separation were frequently observed, while the tunneling was rare. Among the wood cell elements of hardwoods, vessel wall was the least deteriorated. The difference degree of degradation of cell wall constituents and the accumulation of inorganic substances in cell lumen indicate that some factors to be considered for the conservation treatment were discussed. The kinds of marine microorganisms invading and/or inhabiting in wrecked wooden ship were also discussed.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.4 no.1 s.4
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• pp.3-10
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• 1995

This study focused on the reconstructional point of Shinan ship-wreck that was excavated between $1976\~1984$. The wreck, which might be sunk in the beginning of the 14th century, is regarded as a vessel of Yuan dynasty, China. This paper tried to find out some structural characteristics and principal dimensions for restoration. The Shinan shipwreck's structural characteristics are summarized as follow, 1) The Shinan shipwreck is formed V-shaped cross section with bar keel, 2) The vessel is divided 8 holds by 7 bulkheads. 3) The ship has flat type stem and transome stern. 4) A rabbeted clinker -built is basically adopted on planking joint. 5) A wooden sheathing, which means a sort of protecting board against marine insects, is covered outside of the main hull, 6) For making an watertight structure, oakum and lime mixtured t'ung-oil are used along the seam of planking and bulkhead. 7) A V-shaped deep water-way exists at both deck side. 8) The shipwreck is believed to have 2 masts at least. 9) The shiptimbers are classified as Chinese Red Pine(Pinus Massonina) which is mainly grown in the southern part of China. Considering as mentioned above the structural characteristics, Shinan ship-wreck could be classified as Chinese Fu-chuan type(복선형) of sea-going ship. The Shinan ship's principal dimensions which are calculated on the basis of Chinese traditional shipbuilding custom, are as follow, Length overall(L.O.A). : 34.80m Length water line(L.W.L) : 24.90m Breadth(B.max.) : 11m Breadth(B) : 10m Depth at keel line(H) : 3.75m Draft(D). : 3.15m Freeboard(F) : 0.65m Ratio, length/breadth(L/B). : 2.26 Ration, breadth/depth(B/D) : 3.5 Height of stem : 7m Height of stern : 10m Displacement : ab.340ton.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.39
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• pp.5-38
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• 2006

Although in Korea there are only three examples of wooden coffins being found in burial mounds - from the Daho-ri, Songhyun-dong, and Munyung tombs, in Japan data on the shape and structure of wooden coffins from the Gofun era is relatively abundant. The wooden coffins of the Gofun era of Japan can be classified into either the dugout log style or the combined boards style according to their method of manufacture. They can also be divided by shape, into such categories as the boat shape, the split bamboo shape, the box shape, and so on. The box shape category can be further divided into the assembled type and the nailed type, according to how the boards are put together. Japanese Umbrella Pine (Sciadopitys verticillata) was favored as coffin-wood in all ages, but during the later Gofun era easily obtained woods such as the Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) or the Hinoki Falsecypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) were also used. The coffins found at Daho-ri and Songhyun-dong are similar to the Japanese dugout log style in shape and manufacture, while the king's and queen's coffins excavated at Munyung Tomb are seen to have had direct influence on the appearance of nailed coffins Japan. The coffin in Songhyun-dong 7th mound was originally a dugout log boat. It was probably used for practical reasons such as the bugproof, anti-corrosion qualities of camphor wood, not because of ideological reasons such as in a boat burial (in which the boat takes the deceased to the after world). Because the Changnyong region is inland, where camphor trees do not grow, using an already existing boat may have been the only way to procure a camphor-wood coffin. From historical circumstances, it may be inferred that the camphor trees were imported into Korea from Japan, between which there was much cultural exchange.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 1997.10a
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• pp.185-202
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• 1997

Hull forms of ancient ships in Korea and China have been changed according to their voyages and routes. Therefore it is necessary for shipbuilding engineers to reestablish the ancient shipbuilding history, and to presume, restore and revive the lost cultural inheritances. We, however, do not have many historical documents or credible materials that can our ancestors' great shipbuilding techniques : at the same time we do not have paid much attention to the research on such documents and materials. This paper aims not only to study and compare shifting process of ancient ship's hull forms in Korea and China by making use of verifiable materials obtained in the process of excavating and restoring Shinan ancient ship. The results of comparing structural characteristics and hull forms of ancient ships in Korea and China and as follwing : (1) Korean ancient ships have transverse beam instead of frame . Judged from the bottomform, Korean ancient ships are grooved clinker type ships of flat bottom type, in which bottom planking is fixed by wooden bar. (2) Chinese ancient ships have transverse bulkhead structure instead of frame, Judged from the bottom form , Chinese ancient ships are rabetted clinker type ships of V-bottom type with a bar keel. The form , the position, and the size of a sail are closely related with the wind force. It is not only quite difficult to presume forms and sizes of ancient ships' sails precisely, but also impossible to come to an accurate conclusion wihtout much experience. Current 10-year-statistics of the wind force are used to obtain presumed routes of ancient ships in Korea and China. Conclusions obtained from the hull form , sail form and size , and mast height of Shinan ancient ship will provide credible data for sea trade routes and transformation capability, and wil be used for effective materials on the study of the shifting process of ancient ships in Korea and China.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.60-77
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• 2021

From 2007 to 2011, four Goryeo Dynasty vessels, namely the Taean treasure ship, Taean Mado Shipwreck No.1, No.2, No.3 were discovered in Taean area, Chungcheongnam-do province. From the shipwrecks, 175 pieces of mokkan (wooden tablet) were excavated. These mokkans are the only case of Goryeo Dynasty and represent the unique usage of mokkan as cargo tags, after the paper replaced the wooden tablets as writing materials. The Taean mokkans provide details, such as the year, recipient, port of origin, types of the cargo, quantity and unit, the name of the responsible person for shipment. Thus, they enable us to speculate about the characteristics of the cargo. Furthermore, through studying the writing style, form, material and manufacturing method, researchers can extract which form and characteristics were favored at that time. The Taean mokkans have no preset style for writing. Therefore, they can be written selectively and freely. And since the mokkan were attached to cargos, mokkans with furrows on upper side were favored, and efficiency and simplification of the manufacturing process were priorities in making mokkans. The Taean mokkans can be compared to those from the Shinan ship and the Quanzhou ship because those are of the same era and use. On the writing styles and information, Chinese mokkans are focused on the cargo owners, while The Taean mokkan includes more detailed information, such as the recipients. In forms, Chinese mokkans have maximum thickness of 1.0 centimeter and have pointed edges in lower parts, while mokkans from Taean do not have fixed thickness or edges. Furthermore, Chinese mokkans and Korean mokkans have different styles from manufacturing methods and material selections. These differences between Chinese and Goryeo mokkan are related to the differences between littoral-transport Goryeo ships and ocean-transport Chinese ships, such as shipping distances, types of cargo, shipping systems, packing methods, and transport operators. At the moment, because there are only small amount of data and materials of Chinese mokkan, comparative studies regarding Goryeo and Chinese mokkan can only be fragmentary. However, this article can be a base from which to expand the scope of Goryeo mokkan studies.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.77-93
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• 2007

According to documentary records Woljeong-gyo(stone bridge) is built in 760(Silla the 35th King Gyeongdeok 19) and used as original function until 1280(Goryeo the 25th King Chungryeol 6) as Chunyang-gyo. But in those days "Donggyeongjapgi" was published in 1669(Joseon Hyeonjong 10) we assume that it was lost its original function. There are four pier in the type of a ship with the same distance in the middle of river. We can see it is the site of bridge as parts of stonework of bridge are remained. In 1975 the abutments and piers are surveyed and in 1984 stone investigation twice and excavation three times which were to plan restoration were done. Now the restoration of abutments both ends are worked. For restoration of Woljeong-gyo studied documentary records and excavation recoeds were collected and examined. It helped to see the bridge in southern China twice to restore the bridge. Unearthed articles such as yeonham(a kind of member to support roof tiles) and giwa(roof tile) gave decisive clues to assume upper structure of the bridge and from Chinese bridges are helped to type of the bridge. It is certain Woljeong-gyo was ranggyo which means that upper structure was made with wooden members and the stone piers shaped of a ship below and near the abutments both ends another buildings were. Youngjocheok(the architectural measure) of this bridge is similar to gokcheok(the metal measure, 301.84mm) used now that the length of piers is 46choek(尺), the width of that is 9choek(尺), the length between two piers is 42choek(尺), the length between abutment and pier is 38choek(尺). Also we can see that entirely the length of the bridge is 210choek(尺), width is 40choek(尺).

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.279-285
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to analyze radiocarbon dating, using wiggle match, of a wooden board from Yeongheung-do shipwreck excavated from Yeongheung-do in Incheon Ongjingun. The result of wiggle matching for 5 decennial tree-ring block samples of the hull bottom board produced ${\pm}2{\sigma}$ radiocarbon date (95.4% confidence interval) as A.D. 710~730 or A.D. 750~774. It indicated that the Yeongheung-do shipwreck belonged to the early or middle of the 8th century. Radiocarbon dating results confirmed the date speculated by archaeologists according to ship structure and pottery style.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.275-281
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to carry out radiocarbon dating using a wiggle match, of wooden boards and grains from the Mado shipwreck No. 4, which was excavated from Mado in Taean-gun, Chungcheongnam-do. The result of the wiggle matching for four decennial tree-ring samples of the stern plank produced a ${\pm}2{\sigma}$ radiocarbon date (95.4% confidence interval) of A.D. 1337-1356 or A.D. 1412-1429. The grains produced a ${\pm}2{\sigma}$ radiocarbon date (95.4% confidence interval) of A.D. 1415-1455. This indicated that the Mado shipwreck No. 4 belonged to the early or middle of the 15th century. These radiocarbon dating results correlate with the date that was speculated by archaeologists according to the ship's structure and ceramic style.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.513-526
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• 2020

The existing preservation methods are difficult to be applied to a large dimension log which is needed for making traditional wooden ship 'Jalur' in Riau Province. Novel techniques to provide the use of readily available species to replace traditional species alternative were investigated. These included infusion and a combination of injection and bandage-wrapping methods for preserving living trees of Balam (Macaranga conifera (Rchb.f. & Zoll.) Müll.Arg.) and Bintangor (Calophyllum soulattri Burm.f.). Water-based boron compounds were applied as wood preservatives. In total, 18 discs from the bottom, middle, and top of four trees and two controls were used. Trees undergoing treatment were also used to see how wood anatomical structure might affect the boron penetration. The overall aim was to identify the best method for use in Jalur manufacturing. The results showed that in infused Balam tree where the hose position for the preservative intake was deep (10-15 cm from the bark), no boron compound was observed in the outer sapwood. Combination of injection and bandage-wrapping method gave higher percentage of boron penetration at bottom and middle of Balam tree. However, infused Bintangor showed 100% boron penetration. The larger vessel diameter, the absence of tyloses, and the simple perforation plates in Bintangor wood were likely to have contributed to the higher penetration of boron. The combination of bandage-wrapping and infusion, or alternatively by infusing the living trees close to the bark, and at as low as position in the stem gives better protection when treatments are applied to living trees.