• 건축역사연구
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.35-54
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• 2010

This study aims to examine the development process of the early stone pagodas of Unified Silla. The history of stone pagodas traces back to both Baekje and Silla in the Three Kingdoms period, but the styles and structures of pagodas began differently. In other words, Baekje attempted to recreate the wooden pagoda style, while Silla attempted to recreate China' brick pagoda style. These different stone pagoda cultures, around the unification of Three Kingdoms, underwent new style changes, and after the mid-7th century, some changes in the five-storied stone pagodas in Tapri appeared, and the milestone perfection of Silla's stone pagodas was achieved through those of Gameusa Temple and Goseonsa Temple. After the mid-7th century, Silla's stone pagodas accommodated some of Baekje's wooden pagodas' elements, shifted from the wooden pagoda style and developed into its own stone pagoda style. This is shown in numerous stone pagodas. However, in Silla's stone pagodas, including the three-storied stone pagoda in Hwagboksa Temple in 692, the size of the pagoda became small and underwent sudden changes. In other words, a new direction of Silla stone pagodas was presented in terms of how massive stones could be reduced, but they differed only in the reduced stone amount; the basic developed style of the Gameunsa Temple stone pagoda and the Goseonsa Temple stone pagoda inherited the traditional style. Thus, the construction of these two pagodas is considered to be significant in the Silla's history of stone pagodas.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.29-48
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• 1998

The first Pagoda of Korea was introduced from China, and adapted from the wooden multi-storied pavilion. Also in Bronze one, multi-storied type of wooden pagoda was adapted. Bronze pagoda was used to buddhist ossuary and a kind of metalwork. Metalworks were made of gold, silver, copper, or iron by one of the methods of production-casting or hammering and decorated design of incision, raise, openwork, gold- plating or inlaying with gold and silver. Sometimes it was used as the easy carriage of Buddha image by guess. In most cases, the plan of Bronze pagoda was square and podium was one story. but in the advance of podium two-storied platform appeared. Column appeared in a symbol, so it didn't appear in a square and circular form. It means that the column was vertical member which only divided the wall. In koryo period, Gabled roof and Half-hipped roof was spreaded in public but Bronze pagoda was used to square Hipped roof. Vertical shaft over roof(上輪部), apart from body of pagoda(塔身部), was inserted on the hole above the Bokbal(覆鉢) for the balance of pagoda. And a thick iron bar put in the roof to the platform. It was sustained the balance of pagoda. The stories of pagoda were various from 3rd stories to 9, the lower stories was larger scale and the higher was smaller one.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.93-112
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• 1995

The wooden pagoda was first appeared in about late 4th century in Korea. And between the late 6th century and the eary 7th centry, the multistoried wooden pagoda was replaced with the stone pagodas, in order to improve their stability and durability. In Three-kingdom and Unificated-Silla period, there are two types of stone stupas in Korea. The one is Paekche(百濟)style, and the other is Silla(新羅) style stone pagoda. These two styles are basically different in each part like podium, roof stone, body stone, structure and the others. Two types of stupas are distributed in two regions which devided into the East(Silla territory) and West(Paekche territory) in the Korean peninsular. The origin of the Korean stone pagoda can be traced to the Paekche dynasty and Silla dynasty. The former were the result of the careful study of their skillful wooden pagodas, where the latter were actualy originated from copying their sundried brick pagodas with stone. Two important pagodas of the primitive stage are the stone pagoda of Miruksa(彌勒寺) temple in Iksan and Bunhwangsa(芬皇寺) temple in Kyungju. These two pagodas are compared with each other in the style of their construction. Silla style have sharp straight lines and short distance between roof stone and eaves. They give us strong as well as intelletural feeling. Howerever, Paekche style has curved lines and dull angles of cutting area of stone, they give us soft feeling.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.88-105
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• 1992

This dissertation aims to investigate the structure of Palsangjeon, a five story wooden pagoda in Pubjoo Temple which is the only wooden pagoda existing in Korea, by a comparative study of the Palsangjeon with Japanese counterparts. By doing so, the writer of the present investigation attempts to find out its structural originality. The main finding of this study are as follows. The upper part of Palsangjeon is constructed with square log frameworks called GuiTl and Sacheon-Ju around the central column. The four walls along Sacheon-Ju from the 1st level to the 3rd well resists the outside horizontal piressure. And Gui-Tl structure on the 5th level copes much better with shear force. So this frame consisting of Sacheon-Ju and log frameworks might be viewed an semi-core system, This core is supported once again by the frame of Go-Ju. That is to say. Go-Ju supports frame of Sacheon-Ju. And the frame of Pyeong-Ju on the 4th and the 5th levels also supports it. The frame of Go-Ju is supported by the frame of Pyeong-Ju on the 1st and the 2nd levels. So this structure is designed to resist the wind and also keep the balance by properly distributing vertical pressure. The plan and the elevational structure of Palsangjeon keep the balance by the perfect symmetric structure. And the frame of Sacheon-Ju forming semi-core system can resist both the lateral load and the vertical pressure for the balance of its structure. The five story pagoda in Horyuji used to stand on a central which is desigend to support the main body of the pagoda from the first level. The principles of balance is used between the Ha-Aag and short to react the rafter. Sacheon-Ju and edge column is against the lateral load. The structural jointing system is stable thanks to the log framewroks formed on every level. The five story pagoda in Horyuji poseses the structual system originated from the ancient wooden pagoda. The pagoda is found to express simple, sincere and straight forward form. On the other hand, it could be seen as a stucture resisting the earthquake and the lateral load, Palsangjeon is an excellent building which religions function is well harmonized with its structure and appearance. It not only functions extremely well as a regions place like other pagodas, but also excellently shows how multi-story wooden building should be structured.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.515-525
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• 2016

The Palsangjeon Pagoda is a five-story wooden building in the Beopjusa Temple area in the Songnisan national park in Chungcheongbuk-do, Korea. According to historical records, it was constructed in either AD 1605 or AD 1626. To specify the construction year more precisely, we took 41 wood samples for tree-ring analysis during repair actions in 2013; 28 from red pine (Pinus densiflora S. et Z.), 12 from oak (Quercus spp.), and 1 from fir (Abies spp.). The tree-ring boundaries became clearly visible by smoothing their cross-sectional surface and the tree-ring widths were measured under a stereo microscope. All tree-ring series were compared with each other to establish mean chronologies, which we then compared with local master chronologies established using tree rings collected from wooden elements of the Daeungjeon Hall which is the main building in the Beopjusa Temple area. As a result, it was verified that the red pines were felled in AD 1624 and in AD 1851. Moreover, it was verified that the oaks were also felled in AD 1624 based on cross-dating with the red pine chronology. We concluded that the Palsangjeon Wooden Pagoda was constructed in AD 1626, as mentioned in the historical record (Daeungdaekwangmyeongjeonbulsangki, 1630) and the letters on a purlin on the $4^{th}$ story, using oak and red pine felled in AD 1624 and repaired later on using red pine felled in AD 1851.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.7-20
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• 2012

As the corner of wooden pagoda forms the roof by closely bordering left and right eaves on the various purlins and angle rafters, it is designed for every face to be recognized as front whose structure system increases load to bear proportionally. The corner of wooden pagoda is inseparable with the corner bracket set as it becomes stable thanks to the corner bracket set structurally and load burden under restrained structure makes the corner bracket set really important. Accordingly, this study could figure out some facts by analyzing corner bracket sets of Palsangjeon of Beobjusa Temple in Korea, Seokgatap of Bulgungsa Temple in China and Ojungtap of Beobryungsa Temple in Japan which were constructed with pure wooden structure. This study demonstrated that corner bracket set played a pivotal role in keeping balance of concentrated load of corner (corner of opening) in each floor that contributed to the stability of wooden pagoda structurally despite multiple duplications of floors and also figured out the outfit of corner bracket set was subject to the floor type and the cross section of Gongpo installed on top of Pyeongju. Wooden pagodas in 3 countries were two floor types of octagon and square, and employed different connection method between upper and lower floors. The difference between floor and duplication method determines the method of corner, but even different methods were sufficient to have entirety in every side by completing dynamic principle of corner bracket set even though old method had to solve the problem of concentrated load and it also confirms that it was essential Gongpo to prevent any deformation of corner.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.33-40
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• 2015

The present study is aimed to reconsider the time of installation and the purpose of the square footstone located at the center of the wooden pagoda in Hwangnyongsa Temple, based on related precedent studies. Precedent studies are divided into two streams of assertions: one is that the square footstone was to support the major pillars at the time of building and the other is that it was installed to store Buddhist reliquaries inside the central foundation stone after the wood pagoda burnt down in the Invasion of Mongol. Summarizing the grounds with which the precedent studies support their assertions, they are the relation with Gaseopbul Yeonjwaseok, the emerging time of the square footstone, repairing work at the level of reconstruction, additional enshrinement of general Buddhist reliquaries and so on. The present study reviewed the key grounds suggested in the previous studies regarding the square footstone. First, it was determined that the square footstone has nothing to do with Gaseopbul Yeonjwaseok, after looking into the timings of appearance, condition and shape in literatures. Rather, it was assumed that Gaseopbul Yeonjwaseok resembles a stone column. Next, the square footstone is assumed to be installed after the 4th year of King Kwangjong's rule because the wood pagoda was lost in fire in the 4th year of Kwangjong's rule and it had been left alone for 68 years until the repair work finished in the 13th year of King Hyunjong. It is assumed that repair works at the level of reconstruction had been twice in total, say, once during King Kyungmun and Hyunjong, respectively. Next, looking into the establishment of the general Buddhist reliquaries and the repair work during King Kyungmun, it was not common then to enshrine additional Buddhist reliquaries when repair work progressed and so there was not an additional enshrinement of Buddhist reliquaries after King Kyungmun. However, it is hard to decide that there was no repair work at the level of reconstruction at that time. Last, we can find a similar case to the square footstone of the wood pagoda in Hwangnyongsa Temple in the copper pagoda in Japanese Yaksasa Temple. In conclusion, it is assumed that the wooden pagoda in Hwangnyongsa Temple was lost to the fire in the 4th year of King Kwangjong's rule and thus the square footstone had been used as Jinho stone to protect Buddhist reliquaries and used as a propping stone for the major pillars after King Hyungjong.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.66-79
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• 2018

금산사 대장전은 대장경을 봉안하는 건물이라는 명칭을 가지고 있지만 경전은 없으며, 석가모니삼존을 봉안하는 불전이다. 금산사에서 전하는 기록에 의하면 이 건물은 목탑에 불상과 경전을 봉안하던 습관 때문에 점차 불전으로 변한 건물로 알려져 있다. 탑은 사리신앙을 대표하는 구조물임에도 대장전으로 변하였지만 대장경조차 봉안하지 않고 있는 셈이다. 이러한 변화는 금산사 대장전이 상당히 복합적인 성격의 건물이라는 점을 상징하고 있다고 볼 수 있다. 이 건물의 변화과정과 신앙적 복합성을 통해 조선후기 교학적 열풍 속에서 사리신앙, 경전신앙의 상관을 접근해 보고자 한다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.81-98
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• 2010

In the middle of the 8th century, we met the new high-rise building, the 7th storied wooden pagodas in 'Kokubunji' in Japan. I tried to analyze and study this building to show how the wooden pagoda had changed itself because of appearance of new style. The conculusions are as follows; 1. The construction of the foundation was mainly composed namely 'Panchuk'. It was proceeded by two ways. One is the earthen-digging, laying foundations named 'Gulkwangpachuk' and the other is simply laying foundation named 'Jisangpanchuk'. In that period, due to the progress of the technique, we assumed that the main stream is 'Jisangpanchuk'. 2. The elevation of base was mostly the single foundation from archaeological study. The material was stone. The middle case of pagoda had the base of tile-roofed. We knew the just one pagoda had the base of brick, but that was not main stream. 3. The new device had appeared in the central base stone. It was the stone point. But in that period the existing method, a hole style and the new style was used in the central base stone. This fact is showed that the central government was not hold the reigon(it names 'Kook') in the respect of the technique. 4. The plan scale is classified of 3 group. As a result, the first body is larger, the main-unit and the sub-unit is a equal unit. But smaller, the length of main-unit is longer than the one of sub-unit. And the very small pagoda was build in that period.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.71-86
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• 2002

This research aims to illustrate the structure of the ancient Korean wooden buildings by a comparative study of the historical resources such as stone remains, wall paintings historiographies and excavations. As stone pagodas are the most typical stone remains, I selected for analysis some stone pagodas which contain architectural elements and results of the study are as follows: 1) The number of stories and structural modes of the base stone part show the wooden architectural aspects: they have one or two stories and their base part is constructed in the mode of assembling rectangular stones. 2) The body of the pagoda contains such architectural elements as pillars, door and windows, crossbeams, balcony, bracket sets. 3) The roof of the stone pagoda contains such architectural elements as eaves, roofs and modes of stone assembling. The results inferred through this research could be of help for further comparative studies with the other secondary materials by providing basic knowledge for it.