• Journal of architectural history
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.7-26
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• 2007

This article is about restoring the wooden pagoda which located in Silsangsa Temple after historical research. The process of this study, first of all, the theoretical study was considered about similar examples of wooden pagoda and gilt-bronze pagoda in Gorye period and wooden pagoda in contemporary period. After that, the study was established by the present condition of Silsangsa wooden pagoda site, the characteristic of Silsangsa wooden pagoda, the form of arrangement, the scale and height. Finally, considering those studies, the wooden pagoda designed in detail. This restoring design tried to follow the inference in that time. Moreover, the design tried to involve the elements of characteristic of region and Silsangsa wooden pagoda. Therefore, the research establish period of Silsangsa wooden pagoda in Gorye period. Locally, it considered both elements of Silla and Baeckje. The arrange form of restoring wooden pagoda was freestyle arrangement that had two main building of a temple and one middle pagoda. The idea of structure was to establish of double Core system. This system inferred from the system of building structure in ancient wooden pagoda and middle and modern age of multistory wooden construction. According to measurement of foundation stone, the scale of restoring wooden pagoda followed the skill of Tang-scale. The connection structure of each floor followed laminated structure which was the general form of log frame in that time. After study of foundation's condition, the present writer deseeded to have restoring the wooden pagoda 9 stories tall. The final aim was to depend on the structural intuition of the present writer, the writer tried to restore beautiful wooden pagoda according to in those days which is solution for contradiction of unclear point. So, it could be make out a plane of restoring wooden pagoda.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.15
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• pp.79-85
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• 1998

Woods have been the familiar constructional materials because they were well suited to natural environments of Korea in terms of history regionalism and nationality. Since the modernization of Korea the wooden structure have mostly disappeared because of constructional costs regulations and convenience. But wooden constructions will reappear because of a prediction of wood demand and supply various choices for life circumstances and various investigations. There are many such cases. Among them Japan became an interesting object of investigation. New wooden constructional structures with new materials and modern skills may be observed in Japan. The purpose of this study is to trace architects' consciousness and to analyze constructions with the combination of wooden and other materials in Japan. Thus we explore a possibility to construct a new wooden structure which is suitable in modern Korea. The results were as follows: First the consciousness of Japanese architects' mixed wooden construction corresponds to the close relations between society and environment. Second the space of a structure with mixed wooden constructions in present Japan is chosen as the best way to consider functions and environments according to the form of need space scale and quality. Third the structure wooden constructional structure is a part of roof open space. in this case woods are represented and composed of japanese traditional wooden structure with new technique. Forth a mixed wooden construction has been used through a merit of each material by mixed of different materials as well as beauty of form.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.7-29
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• 2010

The form of the Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda site is that of the traditional form of the wooden pagodas constructed during the Baekjae Period. Likewise, it is an important ruin for conducting research on the form and type of the wooden pagodas constructed during the Baekjae Period. In particular, the method used for the installation of the central pillar's cornerstone is a new technique. The purpose of this research is to restore the ruin of the Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda of the Baekjae Period that remains at the Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda site. Until now, research conducted on the wooden pagoda took place mostly centered on the Hwangryongsa Temple's wooden pagoda. Meanwhile, the reality concerning Baekjae's wooden pagoda is one in which there were not many parallel cases pertain to the design for restoration. This research paper wants to conduct academic examination of the Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda to organize the intention of design and design process in a simple manner. This research included review of the Baekjae Period's wooden pagoda related ruins and the review of the existing wooden pagoda ruin to analyze the wooden pagoda construction technique of the era. Then, current status of the Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda site is identified to define the characteristics of the wooden pagoda, and to set up the layout format and the measure to estimate the size of the wooden pagoda in order to design each part. Ultimately, techniques and formats used for the restoration of the wooden pagoda were aligned with the wooden pagoda of the Baekjae Period. Basically, conditions that can be traced from the current status of the Wangheungsa Temple site excavation using the primary standards as the standard. Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda was designed into the wooden pagoda of the Baekjae's prosperity phase. The plane was formed into $3{\times}3$ compartments to design into three tier pagoda. The height was decided by factoring in the distance between the East-West corridors, size of the compartment in the middle, and the view that is visible from above the terrace when entering into the waterway. Basically, the origin of the wooden structure format is based on the Goguryeo style, but also the linkage with China's southern regional styles and Japan's ancient wooden pagoda methods was factored in. As for the format of the central pillar, it looks as if the column that was erected after digging the ground was used when setting up the columns in the beginning. During the actual construction work of the wooden pagoda, central pillar looks as if it was erected by setting up the cornerstone on the ground. The reason that the reclaimed part of pillar that use the underground central cornerstone as the support was not utilized, was because the Eccentric Load of the central pillar's cornerstone was factored in the state of the layers of soil piled up one layer at a time that is repeated with the yellow clay and sandy clay and the yellow clay that were formed separately with the $80cm{\times}80cm$ angle at the upper part of the central pillar's cornerstone was factored in as well. Thus, it was presumed that the central pillar was erected in the actual design using the ground style format. It is possible to presume the cases in which the reclaimed part of pillar were used when constructed for the first time, but in which central pillar was installed later on, after the supplementary materials of the underground column is corroded. In this case, however, technique in which soil is piled up one layer at a time to lay down the foundation of a building structure cannot be the method used in that period, and the reclamation cannot fill up using the $80cm{\times}80cm$ angle. Thus, it was presumed that the layers of soil for building structure's foundation was solidified properly on top of the central pillar's cornerstone when the first wooden pagoda construction work was taking place, and that the ground style central pillar was erected on its upper part by placing the cornerstone once again. Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda is significant from the structure development aspect of the Korean wooden pagodas along with the Hwangryongsa Temple's wooden pagoda. Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda construction technique which was developed during the prosperity phase of the Baekjae Period is presumed to have served as a role model for the construction of the Iksan Mireuksa Temple's wooden pagoda and Hwangryongsa Temple's wooden pagoda. With the plan to complement the work further by excavating more, the basic wooden pagoda model was set up for this research. Wangheungsa Temple's wooden pagoda was constructed as at the Baekjae Kingdom wide initiative, and it was the starting point for the construction of superb pagoda using state of the art construction techniques of the era during the Baekjae's prosperous years, amidst the utmost interest of all the Baekjae populace. Starting out from its inherent nature of enshrining Sakyamuni's ashes, it served as the model that represented the unity of all the Baekjae populace and the spirit of the Baekjae people. It interpreted these in the most mature manner on the Korean peninsula at the time.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 1998.10b
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• pp.906-911
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• 1998

This study is about an application of permanent form to the field. The present problem of this country's building market in the face of 3D, in addition to construction cost increase, materials lack problems and opening a building market to foreign countries, is trying to find out the efficient ways of overcoming these problems. So the efficacy of form work to technical improvement will contribute a practical permanent form in field through scientific test of the design and construction of permanent form. According to the result of these experiments, they seemed to be a permissible error range of Permanent form ± 5mm and steel reinforcing of Permanent form seemed to be ±5mm. a modification of Permanent form is superior to any wooden form.

• Journal of Korean Association for Spatial Structures
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.83-90
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• 2017

Preservation of wooden structure due to deterioration and corrosion is based on preservation of original form, and wooden member should not be arbitrarily replaced or damaged. Accordingly, preservation processing method with synthetic resins is embossed. But it has an adverse effect because there is no exact standard for the reinforcement ratio with the synthetic. This paper experimental study for reinforcement ratio of wooden compressive member with synthetic resins, Reinforced ratio on section area of compressive member and direction. As a result, synthetic resin reinforcement selected as experimental variables by proper ratio enhanced compressive capacity of reinforced wooden member, than new wooden member.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.7-22
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• 2021

This study was prepared to understand the changes in the stylobate and the characteristics of contrasting with the wooden pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple, which occupies an important position in ancient architecture. Literature data related to the wooden pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple, excavation data, and newly identified stylobate stone were examined.The reconstruction period of the wooden pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple, the size and form of the stylobate, the plan of the stylobate, the height plan, and the elevation plan were reviewed one after another.Since its foundation in 646, the wooden pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple has been rebuilt during the reign of King Gyeongmun in 873 and a stylobate has been rebuilt. Through the analysis of similar cases with the wooden pagoda's face stone members, the elevation of the stylobate was proved. It is estimated that the size and format of the wooden pagoda stylobate were similar to those of the reconstruction stylobate. It seems that the Sumijwa style stylobate was first introduced to the foundation of the wooden pagoda of Hwangnyongsa Temple. This is of great significance in that it provided a fundamental motif for the stylobate of architecture and stone architecture of the Unified Silla period.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.14 no.3 s.43
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• pp.103-118
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• 2005

This study is about the meaning of wooden brackets that are distinctive elements of wooden architecture in Korea, Japan, and China. Existing studies about wooden brackets have been limited to the boundary of formalism, so the object of this study is to make a breakthrough in the field of those studies. The Wooden brackets in this study are considered to be decorative elements, and the principles of their design are examined. The specific subject of the study is wooden architecture with Jusimpo-styled brackets that have brackets only on pillars. The definition of Jusimpo is reexamined first, and ChulMok-Ikkong which has not been regarded as a Jusimpo-styled wooden bracket is interpreted as Jusimpo-styled one in this study. Categorized into three types, Jusimpo is examined how it is expressed according to the type of the roof in a building. In view of the results, the wooden bracket system is an effective technique to express the formality, and two designing principles can be seen in Jusimpo; one that wooden brackets observed externally are standardized and regarded as the same ones, and the other that the style of wooden brackets used in the most formal building is Yi-ChulMok. These designing principles mean that the carpenter who was in charge of building the architecture had certain principles when expressing wooden brackets as well as the roofs according to the class of the architecture. In addition, although the styles of wooden brackets that were used in the most formal architecture during the Chosun period were mostly Dapo, Jusimpo in the form of Yi-ChulMok was also adopted in some temples depending on their scale, and that means Jusimpo-styled wooden brackets were never considered to be inferior to Dapo-styled ones. And this point leaves the argument that the reexamination of Jusimpo-styled wooden brackets which have been regarded as the style used in the attached building or small structures since the Choun dynasty should be conducted.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.122-126
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• 1999

In this study, using the temperature history analysis, the influences of the conductive values of wooden form, which are specified by Korean Standard for Concrete and ACI Practice Manual for Concrete, on the temperature history were examined. And, the calculated temperature history is compared with the measured temperature history. In the examination for the influences of the conductive values of wooden form, the value recommended by the Korean Standard can more closely predict the themperature history at the points which the variation of the boundary condition should be considered.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.9 no.3 s.24
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• pp.23-36
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• 2000

The bureaucrat-scholars, ruling class of the Choseon Dynasty, used to build small private pavilions for rest and study for themselves. In the early period of the Dynasty, the pavilions had plain shapes with rectangular plan and simple wooden structure without any walls so as to enjoy the surrounding scenery. From the 16th century, the building form began to change into some diverse one by putting in an ondol room, an unique floor heating equipment. The pavilions also began to show regional differences by placing the ondol rooms in the floor. Myonang-jong, a pavilion occupied by a famous bureaucrat-scholar Song Soon, was built at Damyang of the southwest part of the Korean peninsula, so called Honam area, in 1533. At first, the building form followed the ordinary early pavilion shape using simple wooden structure and wooden floor. But when it was rebuilt in 1654 after burning down by war, there happened some changes. An ondol room was put in the center of the floor, of which regarded as a dominant regional characteristic of the Honam area. The change of the building form of Myonang-jong showed that it was the 17th century Honam area got the regional characteristic in the architecture of pavilion.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.38
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• pp.109-128
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• 2005

We dealt with the Wooden Shoes as a tool in the first chapter. You can doubt about the Wooden Shoes as a tool, which they were in Japan and China not Korea, strictly speaking, if they are real shoes or not. But anyway they had components of the Wooden Shoes in shape(form) or function, so it was expressed in the head part, cause of the possibility that Wooden Shoes as a tool are the previous stage of Wooden Shoes as shoes, though are not identified yet. In the second chapter, we dealt with the Wooden Shoes as shoes fundamentally. Recently, the Wooden Shoes of Shilla and Baekje were dug out each in Kyungsan-city Im-dang-dong and Buyeo-gun Neungsan-lee. Even though they were contemporary neighborhood countries, they had much differences in their forms of Wooden Shoes. While the Wooden Shoes of Baekje and the ancient Wooden Shoes of Japan are surprisingly alike. So we have tried to identify with the politic and diplomatic relation of Korea and Japan, through various literature records.