• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.83-91
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• 2015

Biomass burning is known to be one of the main sectors emitting greenhouse gases as well as air pollutants. Unfortunately, the inventory of biomass burning sector has not been established well. We estimated greenhouse gas (GHG) and air pollution (AP) integrated emissions from biomass burning sector in Seoul during year 2010. The data of GHG and AP emissions from biomass burning, classified into open burning, residential fireplace and wood stove, meat cooking, fires, and cremation, were obtained from Statistics Korea and Seoul City. Estimation methodologies and emission factors were gathered from reports and published literatures. Estimated GHG and AP integrated emissions during year 2010 were $3,867tonCO_{2eq}$, and 2,320 tonAP, respectively. Major sources of GHG were forest fires ($1,533tonCO_{2eq}$) and waste open burning ($1,466tonCO_{2eq}$), while those of AP were meat cooking (1,240 tonAP) and fire incidence (907 tonAP). Total emissions by administrative district in Seoul, representing similar patterns in both GHG and AP, indicated that Seocho-gu and Gangseo-gu were the largest emitters whereas Jung-gu was the smallest emitter, ranged in $2{\sim}165tonCO_{2eq}$ and 0.1~8.31 tonAP. GHG emissions per $km^2$ showed different results from total emissions in that Gwanak-gu, Jungnang-gu, Gangdong-gu and Seodaemun-gu were the largest emitters, while Seocho-gu and Gangseo-gu were near-averaged emission districts, ranged in $0.2{\sim}21tonCO_{2eq}/km^2$. However, AP emissions per $km^2$ revealed relatively minor differences among districts, ranged in $2.3{\sim}6.1tonAP/km^2$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.55-63
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• 2016

A dust explosion is a phenomenon of strong blast wave propagation involving destruction which results from dust pyrolysis and rapid oxidation in a confined space. There has been some research done to find individual explosion characteristics and common physical laws for various dust types. However, there has been insufficient number of studies related to the heat of combustion of materials and the oxygen consumption energy about materials in respect of dust explosion characteristics. The present study focuses on the relationship between dust explosion characteristics of wood dust samples and oxygen consumption energy. Since it is difficult to estimate the weight of suspended dust participating in explosions in dust explosion and mixtures are in fuel-rich conditions concentrations with equivalent ratios exceeding 1, methods for estimating explosion overpressure by applying oxygen consumption energy based on unit volume air at standard atmospheric pressure and temperature are proposed. In this study an oxygen consumption energy model for dust explosion is developed, and by applying this model to TNT equivalent model, initial explosion efficiency was calculated by comparing the results of standardized dust explosion experiments.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.15 no.6_1
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• pp.59-67
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• 2015

Our vision is to see the North and there is a large visual target that the two exchanges and cooperation and unity that put the main enemy of enemies in mind in need. North Korea is the main enemy was illegal invasion June 25, 1950 July 27, 1953 has continued after the armistice join the illegal provocations and cease fire violations so far. August 4, 2015, North Korea was operating by the power differential that operate on an all-out war and declared the initial state after the exhibition gave another provocative DMZ wood box mines. US-ROK military was in the process of real-time detection of the North Korean power operation and the results were broadcast live through the media. Looking at these military provocations on the threat of asymmetrical power of North Korea's military threat, we would like to present how to respond.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.55-61
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• 2014

This study was performed to test the combustive properties of pinus rigida specimens treated with methylpiperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid $M^{n+}$ ($PIPEABPM^{n+}$)s and methylpiperazinomethyl-bis-phosphonic acid (PIPEABP). Pinus rigida Plates were painted in three times with 15 wt% $PIPEABPM^{n+}s$ and PIPEABP solutions at the room temperature respectively. After drying specimen treated with chemicals, combustive properties were examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). It was indicated that the specimens treated with $PIPEABPM^{n+}s$ showed the lower speed to peak mass loss rate ($MLR_{peak}$), (0.104~0.121) g/s than that of PIPEABP plate. In adition, the specimens treated with $PIPEABPM^{n+}s$ showed both the lower total smoke release rate (TSRR), (224.4~484.0) $m^2/m^2$ and $CO_{mean}$ production (0.0537~0.0628) kg/kg than those of PIPEAB plate. Especially, for the specimens treated with $PIPEABPM^{n+}$ by reducing the smoke production rate except 2nd-smoke production rate (2nd-SPR), (0.0254~0.02270) g/s treated with $PIPEABPNi^{2+}$, 2nd-SPR (0.0117~0.0146) g/s was lower than that of PIPEABP plate. Thus, It is supposed that the combustion-retardation properties were improved by the partial due to the treated $PIPEABPM^{n+}s$ in the virgin plate.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.65-72
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• 2016

This study examined the generation of combustion toxic gases of pinus rigida specimens processed with bis-(dimethylaminomethyl) phosphinic acid (DMDAP), bis-(diethylaminomethyl) phosphinic acid (DEDAP), and bis-(dibutylaminomethyl) phosphinic acid (DBDAP). Each pinus rigida plate was coated three times with 15 wt.% flame retardants in an aqueous solution. The specimens were then dried at room temperature. The production of combustion toxic gases was investigated using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). The first time to peak mass loss rate ($1^{st}-TMLR_{peak}$) processed with the chemical additives decreased to 5.9 from 41.2% compared with the unprocessed specimen. The second time to the peak mass loss rate ($2^{nd}-TMLR_{peak}$) for the processed specimens was decreased 1.8% for DMDAP and 5.3% for DBDAP and increased 1.8% for DEDAP. The peak carbon monoxide ($CO_{peak}$) production was 1.5 to 2.0 times higher than that of the unprocessed plate. The peak carbon dioxide ($CO_{2peak}$) production was reduced 0.01 times for DMDAP and increased 1.15 to 1.19 times for DEDAP and DBDAP compared with the unprocessed specimens. In particular, the oxygen concentration was much higher than 15%, which can be fatal to humans and the resulting hazard can be eliminated. Overall, the combustion toxicity of flammable gas were increased partially by the chemical additives compared with those of the unprocessed plate.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.60-66
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• 2016

This study investigated the structure and combustion characteristics of four species, Timber Douglas-fir being used construction materials (finishes), Lauan, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora trees in the area. In lookong into the ignition characteristics was a time range of ignition (TTI) appeared in the 21 s~32 s, especially Pinus densiflora TTI is ignited in a relatively rapid 601 s to 21 s than the other materials were destroyed in the 631 s. The maximum heat release rate and average heat release rate is Pinus densiflora > Lauan > Cryptomeria japonica > Douglas-fir showed a net. Barrel emissions are Lauan > Douglas-fir > Pinus densiflora > Cryptomeria japonica was in order. The total emissions was postponed Pinus densiflora $424.80m^2/m^2$, Lauan $185.93m^2/m^2$. Douglas-fir carbon emissions of 1460, showing 0.185 kg/kg CO maximum value from s $CO_2$ values show the maximum value to 15,986 kg/kg in 750 s stopped in the 3,090 s. Next, the study suggested methods to utilize as the basic data for evaluating the safety of the fire as a building material.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.21-26
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• 2013

This study was performed to test the combustive properties of Pinus rigida plates treated with bis-(dimethylaminomethyl) phosphinic acid (DMDAP), bis-(diethylaminomethyl) phosphinic acid (DEDAP), and bis-(dibuthylaminomethyl) phosphinic acid (DBDAP). Pinus rigida specimens were painted in three times with 15 wt% bis-(dialkylaminoalkyl) phosphinic acid solutions at the room temperature. After drying specimen treated with chemicals, combustive properties were examined by the cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). It is supposed that the combustion-retardation properties were improved by the partial due to the treated bis-(dialkylaminoalkyl) phosphinic acids in the virgin Pinus rigida. Especially, the specimens treated with chemicals showed both the lower total smoke release rate (TSRR) ($16.94{\sim}18.92m^2/m^2$) and lower $CO_{2mean}$ production (1.98~2.09 kg/kg) than those of virgin plate. However the specimens treated with chemicals showed both the higher peak mass loss rate (PMLR) (0.1250~0.1297 g/s) and higher 1st-smoke production rate (SPR) (0.0153~0.0167 g/s) than those of virgin plate. Compared with virgin Pinus rigida plate, the specimens treated with the bis-dialkylamimoalkyl phosphinic acids showed partially low combustive properties.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.443-451
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• 2021

This study compared and analyzed the thermal characteristics based on the ratio of moisture content of infected and non-infected Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus by heat of combustion experiment. The experiment results are as follows. The analysisresult of the ratio of water content shows that 19.92% on average for infected Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus and 26.27% for non-infected which decreases water content as the size of conduction, convection, and radiant heat increases in case of fire. As the vaporization of the moisture content accelerates, the average moisture content is reached, and the result is contrary to the thermal characteristics of the wood that the moisture content is not ignited by a heat source when the moisture content is under 15%. The combustion heat analysis result showed that infected and non-infected Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus had no significant difference in combustion heat at about 3%. However, it shows that combustion heat is higher than other species. In conclusion, decreasing in moisture content based on the increasing conduction, convection, and radiant heat is one of the direct causes of ignition, and the lower the moisture content, the faster the fire spreads.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2013.04a
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• pp.115-115
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• 2013

최근의 분진폭발은 플라스틱, 의약품, 목재, 곡물 저장고, 고체연료, 화학제품 제조공정 등을 포함하여 성형 및 가공 공정 등에서 화재폭발사고가 발생되고 있다. 폐목재를 재활용하여 PB(Particle board)를 생산하는 국내 제조사업장에서는 화재폭발 사고가 빈번히 발생하고 있어 예방대책이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 폐목재 제조공정의 사고예방과 목재분진 취급공정에 대한 안전대책 등을 제시하기 위하여 사고원인 물질인 폐목재 부유분진의 폭발특성실험을 실시하고 실험결과를 검토하였다. 또한 폐목재 분진의 화재폭발위험성을 상세히 평가하기 위하여 해당 물질의 자연발화점, 축열저장시험, 및 최소점화에너지 등의 화재폭발위험특성값을 실험적으로 조사하였다. 본 연구에서 사용한 폐목재 시료의 비구형 입자형태를 가지는데 입도분석기의 측정 결과 평균 입경은 $15.96{\mu}m$로 조사되었다. 또한 목재 분진의 함수율은 3.88%이며 중금속함유량은 1.73%이다. 자연발화점 측정결과 $225.5^{\circ}C$로서 비교적 낮게 측정되었고 퇴적분진에 대한 화재의 위험성은 높게 나타났다. 반면에 축열저장시험 결과를 통하여 공정관리 온도 및 보관온도를 $150^{\circ}C$ 이하로 관리하면 축열에 의한 자기분해 위험성은 낮은 것으로 판단되었다. 그러므로 축열에 의한 화재폭발 등의 위험성은 낮은 것으로 사료 된다. 최대폭발압력($P_{max}$)은 8.7 bar이며 폭발하한농도 (LEL)는 $60g/m^3$으로 나타났다. 부유분진의 폭발특성실험 결과 분진폭발지수(Kst)는 폭발등급 St 1 (0$bar{\cdot}m/s$)으로 나타났으며 폭발에 의한 위험성이 약한 분진으로 판정되었다. 최소점화에너지(MIE)는 10mJ < MIE <30mJ의 범위로 측정되었으며, 계산에 의해 추정된 최소점화 에너지(Es) 값은 14 mJ로서 일반적인 발화감도(Normal ignition sensitive)로 분류되었다. 이는 실질적인 점화원만 제거하여도 분진폭발을 예방할 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 그러나 분진 폭발사고를 예방을 위하여 MIE값이 공정운전온도 $100^{\circ}C$ 초과 시에 급격히 낮아질 수 있으므로 운전 온도 설정에 있어서 주의가 필요하다.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2004

The different growth steps of human show the different energetic phenomenon such as the strength of triple energizer, the sale of extra meridian, and the stability of 12 meridians. So we have to understand the physiological and pathological phenomena on this point of view. Especially atopic dermatitis means the loss of adaptability under the lack of genuine energy. If you approach to this disease not with any perception of excess or deficiency of the human genuine energy but with simple symptom enumeration or partial diagnosis, it will be dangerous. So we must approach to this disease with more concrete and objective body-centered standard. Thus when we cure and diagnose infants with this disease, we should focus on stablizing the "Energy of Earth(土)" digestive ability, under the consideration of inducement to the enough "Byun-Jeung-Hu(變蒸候)" and the function of Triple Energizer. Through this process we can lead infants to the beginning equipment state(始全). Until 7 years old, we should stabilize the Link Vessel(維脈) by clarifying interior and exterior classification of Nutritive Element and Defensive Energy to control the child's energy of metal(金), water(水), wood(木) and fire(火) in the basis of the energy of earth(土). And also we should stabilize the Heel Vessel(？脈) through the Water and Fire complement each other to control the movements and to control sleep and awakening. Through this process, we can lead children to the basal equipment state(本全). After then, until adolescent phase, we should control 12 meridian and 8 extra meridian by leading vital function to be harmonized and prosperous on the basis of the meridian to reach the mature equipment state(旣全). Adult atopic dermatitis should be controlled through conciliation between meridian and internal organs by differentiating male from female.