• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.380-385
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• 2017

Maritime accidents caused by a ship include collisions, sinking, stranding and fire etc. This study is intending to consider fire accidents among such diverse marine accidents. It is much likely that various sorts of fires break out because crews are living in a narrow space for long periods of time consequent on the ship's characteristic of sailing on the sea. This study carried out a simulation through the special program for fire analysis - FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) in order to find the effective evacuation time, i.e. life survival time. Particularly, this study did comparative analysis of the influence on the survival of cadets based on the collected simulation data by fire size and sort. As a result of the analysis, It was analyzed the Evacuation Allowable Limit Temperature $60^{\circ}C$ and resulted that there is no influence in evacuation by temperature. In case of visibility analysis, it reached to 5m which is the Evacuation Allowable Limit at 117 seconds under the condition of wood fire in 1MW. When there is Kerosene in 1MW, it took 92.4 seconds to reach by 5m which is the Evacuation Allowable Limit. Theoretical evacuation time for the non-tilted ship was 118.8 seconds in 1MW sized fire so it is shown that the most passengers are met the evacuation safety in case of wood fire. However, the majority of passengers could not be ensured the evacuation safety in Kerosene case.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.9-19
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• 2019

Experiments on the combustion characteristics of untreated wood specimens and those treated with four types of silicone compounds were carried out using a cone calorimeter according to the ISO 5660-1 standard. 3-Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS), 3-(2-aminoethylamino) propylmethyldimethoxysilane (AEAPMDMS), and 3-(2-aminoethylamino) propyltrimethoxysilane (AEAPTMS) were used as the silane compounds. The flame retardants were synthesized with sodium silicate and amino silane compounds. The measured time to ignition after combustion at an external heat flux of $50kW/m^2$ was 9 s to 11 s. Time to ignition was marked with a delayed value in the 3 s to 5 s range. The peak heat release rate ($HRR_{peak}$) was reduced by 5 to 20% compared with the uncoated specimen, and AEAPMDMS showed the highest initial fire risk. The total heat release (THR) was decreased by 1 to 22%. Compared to the untreated specimen, the fire performance index (FPI) of the specimens coated with silicone sol compounds increased by 1.5 to 2.2 fold. The fire growth index (FGI) of the AEAPMDMS specimen was increased by 30% and the others were decreased by 93 to 94%. Therefore, the fire risk of wood coated with silicone compounds was improved in terms of the heat risk properties.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.18-25
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• 2016

The incandescent lamp is an electric light fixture with a tungsten filament heated to a high temperature, by passing an electric current through it, until it glows with visible light. The hot filament is protected from oxidation with a glass bulb that is filled with inert gas. The incandescent lamp has fire risk when combustible materials are close to its glass bulb. Because its lamp has the property which converts 90~95 percents of the electric power to heat energy. 2015 national fire statistics show that fires caused by lighting fixtures were 652 cases, and incandescent lamps(44 cases) and halogen lamps(53 cases) accounted for 15 percents in those of high heating light fixtures. Since incandescent lamp fires account for about 45 percents in the high heating light fixture, we could not overlook the fire risks by the incandescent lamp. Although many studies related with those have been conducted, incandescent lamp fires are continuously occurred. This study was carried out to study the fire risk of ignition of wood due to radiant heat of incandescent lamp. Radiant heat flux of the incandescent lamp was predicted by applying point source model, and critical distance for ignition of wood was calculated by applying integral model. The results from this study could applied to fire prevention activities related to light bulb, and it could be used in fire cause investigations related to radiant heat of incandescent lamp.

• Proceedings of the Korea Institute of Fire Science and Engineering Conference
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.396-403
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• 2009

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.9-15
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• 1998

The strength and stiffness of structures would be weakened by thermal degradation of wood members which are exposed to a variety of heat including a fire. For this reason, thermal degraded wood members can't pertinently support the load. However, it is easy to repair or rehabilitate wood structures. So, the degraded wood members which can't support the load can be replaced with new members. For the sake of this advantage, there is a need for nondestructive evaluation(NDE) technique, which is very effective to assess wood members in service. In this paper, it was considered whether the stress wave method is adequate to estimate static bending MOE of thermal degraded wood. As the result, the relationship between static bending MOE and MOEsw in elevated temperature was found out significant. Therefore, the application of stress wave method for estimating static bending MOE of thermal degraded zzwood would be possible. However, it is thought that further research for the effects of exposure temperature, time, and thermal degradation on the relationship between static bending MOEb and MOEsw would be needed.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2018

The combustion characteristics of cypress wood coated with boric acid (BA) and ammonium pentaborate (APB) were examined using a cone calorimeter according to the ISO 5660-1 standard. As a result, the combined specimens of boric acid and ammonium pentaborate (BA/APB) led to an improved fire performance index due to their synergistic effect. In addition, the total heat release values of the specimen coated with the boron compounds were 6.1~14.1% lower than that of the base specimen. The total smoke release rate (TSR) of the specimens coated with the boron compound decreased throughout the combustion process, except for BA/APB. The maximum concentration of carbon monoxide was reduced by 15.8~25.5%. In general, wood treated with flame retardants has a lower fire hazard.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.917-935
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• 2020

In this study, an automated sensor to measure forest fire surface fuel moistures was developed to predict changes in the moisture content and risk of forest fire surface fuel, which was indicators of forest fire occurrence and spread risk. This measurement sensor was a method of automatically calculating the moisture content of forest fire surface fuel by electric resistance. The proxy of forest fire surface fuel used in this sensor is pine (50 cm long, 1.5 cm in diameter), and the relationship between moisture content and electrical resistance, R(R:Electrical resistance)=2E(E:Exponent of 10)+13X(X:Moisture content)-9.705(R²=0.947) was developed. In addition, using this, the software and case of the automated measurement sensor for forest fire surface fuel moisture were designed to produce a prototype, and the suitability (R²=0.824) was confirmed by performing field monitoring verification in the forest. The results of this study would contribute to develop technologies that can predict the occurrence, spread and intensity of forest fires, and are expected to be used as basic data for advanced forest fire risk forecasting technologies.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 2019

While wood pellets are often used as a fuel in thermoelectric power plants and firewood boilers, there is a risk of ignition temperature when strong wood pellets, which have a high calorific value, for prolonged periods of time. In this research study, the minimum auto ignition temperature and the ignition limitation temperature according to the change in flow rate depending on the size of the test vessel were calculated, and based on these temperatures, the apparent activation energy was calculated to predict the combustive properties of the material. The apparent activation energy was calculated to be 190.224 kJ/mol. The thicker the sample is storage in the vessel, the longer the ignition induction time was due to the increased difficulty in heat being transferred from the surface of the vessel to the middle section area of the vessel. For vessel of the same size, the higher the flow rate, the lower the auto ignition temperature was. It was also confirmed that increases in the size of the test vessel lowered the auto ignition temperature and increased the ignition induction time.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.589-599
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• 2016

Korean wooden cultural heritages are treated by flame retardants to protect fire hazards. Two types of flame retardants are used to treat wooden cultural heritage. These flame retardants cause some problems such as surface whitening, discoloration, and cracks due to the chemical reaction caused by Korean traditional wood painting (Dancheong), flame retardant and wood humidity. The Korean government is trying to cut down on the amount of flame retardants for the wooden cultural heritage because of these problems. This study was carried out to find the cause of whitening by flame retardants treatment. The reaction between pigment and flame retardant chemicals was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.818-826
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• 2017

In accordance with the New and Renewable Energy Supply Statistics, biomass power generation has surged since 2013, and use of wood pellet has the most sharply increased, 696Gwh in 2013, 2,764Gwh in 2014 and 2,512Gwh in 2015. Total domestic wood pellet consumption was 1.48million tons in 2015, of which wood pellets consumed for power generation account for about 1.08million tons, about 73%. In this study, we gained the result that the wood pellet would be consumed 2.61million tons in 2020, 6.85million tons in 2025, 11.39million tons in 2030. We also calculated the optimum biomass power generation, on the premise that the power plant co-fire 50% biomass, and the result was that 2.26million tons of wood pellets should be produced domestically in 2021 to operate the present licensed wood pellet power plant from this study.