• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.591-600
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• 2018

The probabilistic characterization of wind field characteristics is a significant task for fatigue reliability assessment of long-span railway bridges in wind-prone regions. In consideration of the effect of wind direction, the stochastic properties of wind field should be represented by a bivariate statistical model of wind speed and direction. This paper presents the construction of the bivariate model of wind speed and direction at the site of a railway arch bridge by use of the long-term structural health monitoring (SHM) data. The wind characteristics are derived by analyzing the real-time wind monitoring data, such as the mean wind speed and direction, turbulence intensity, turbulence integral scale, and power spectral density. A sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm-based finite mixture modeling method is proposed to formulate the joint distribution model of wind speed and direction. For the probability density function (PDF) of wind speed, a double-parameter Weibull distribution function is utilized, and a von Mises distribution function is applied to represent the PDF of wind direction. The SQP algorithm with multi-start points is used to estimate the parameters in the bivariate model, namely Weibull-von Mises mixture model. One-year wind monitoring data are selected to validate the effectiveness of the proposed modeling method. The optimal model is jointly evaluated by the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and coefficient of determination, $R^2$. The obtained results indicate that the proposed SQP algorithm-based finite mixture modeling method can effectively establish the bivariate model of wind speed and direction. The established bivariate model of wind speed and direction will facilitate the wind-induced fatigue reliability assessment of long-span bridges.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.363-388
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• 2015

For controlling the vibration of specific building structure with large span, a practical method for the design of MTMD was developed according to the characteristics of structures subjected to wind loads. Based on the model of analyzing wind-induced response of large-span structure with MTMD, the optimization method of multiple tuned mass dampers for large-span roof structures subjected to wind loads was established, in which the applicable requirements for strength and fatigue life of TMD spring were considered. According to the method, the controlled modes and placements of TMDs in MTMD were determined through the quantitative analysis on modal contribution to the wind-induced dynamic response of structure. To explore the characteristics of MTMD, the parametric analysis on the effects of mass ratio, damping ratio, central tuning frequency ratio and frequency range of MTMD, was performed in the study. Then the parameters of MTMD were optimized through genetic algorithm and the optimized MTMD showed good dynamic characteristics. The robustness of the optimized MTMD was also investigated.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.181-196
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• 2023

Marine structures including offshore wind turbines (OWTs) always work under cyclic loads, which arouses much attention on the fatigue design. The tripod substructure is one of the typical foundation forms for fixed OWTs. The three-planar tubular Y-joint (3Y joint) is one of the important components in fatigue design as it is most likely to have cracks. With the existence of the multiplanar interaction effect, calculating the hot spot stress (HSS) of 3Y joints is complicated. To assist with fatigue design, the distributions of stress concentration factor (SCF) and multiplanar interaction factor (MIF) along weld toe curves induced by the out-of-plane bending moment are explored in this study. An FE analysis method was first developed and verified against experimental results. This method was applied to build a numerical database including 1920 FE models covering common ranges of geometric parameters. A parametric study has been carried out to reveal the distribution patterns of SCF and MIF. After multidimensional nonlinear fittings, SCF and MIF distribution formulas have been proposed. Accuracy and reliability checking prove that the proposed formulas are suitable for calculating the HSS of 3Y joints.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.63 no.6
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• pp.809-824
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• 2017

The accurate evaluation of wind characteristics and wind-induced structural responses during a typhoon is of significant importance for bridge design and safety assessment. This paper presents an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm-based angular-linear approach for probabilistic modeling of field-measured wind characteristics. The proposed method has been applied to model the wind speed and direction data during typhoons recorded by the structural health monitoring (SHM) system instrumented on the arch Jiubao Bridge located in Hangzhou, China. In the summer of 2015, three typhoons, i.e., Typhoon Chan-hom, Typhoon Soudelor and Typhoon Goni, made landfall in the east of China and then struck the Jiubao Bridge. By analyzing the wind monitoring data such as the wind speed and direction measured by three anemometers during typhoons, the wind characteristics during typhoons are derived, including the average wind speed and direction, turbulence intensity, gust factor, turbulence integral scale, and power spectral density (PSD). An EM algorithm-based angular-linear modeling approach is proposed for modeling the joint distribution of the wind speed and direction. For the marginal distribution of the wind speed, the finite mixture of two-parameter Weibull distribution is employed, and the finite mixture of von Mises distribution is used to represent the wind direction. The parameters of each distribution model are estimated by use of the EM algorithm, and the optimal model is determined by the values of $R^2$ statistic and the Akaike's information criterion (AIC). The results indicate that the stochastic properties of the wind field around the bridge site during typhoons are effectively characterized by the proposed EM algorithm-based angular-linear modeling approach. The formulated joint distribution of the wind speed and direction can serve as a solid foundation for the purpose of accurately evaluating the typhoon-induced fatigue damage of long-span bridges.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2005.07e
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• pp.46-48
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• 2005

Wind-induced oscillations are known to cause damage to the conductors and related hardware through fatigue, clashing of the bundled conductors and bolt loosening. Wake-induced oscillations have been known since the advent of bundled conductors. they are caused by aerodynamically unstable forces acting on the leeward conductors in the wake of the windward conductors, In order to control it, spacer dampers are installed in transmission lines with bundled conductors. Spacer damper installation is very important, it can cause damage to the conductors and spaer damper itself. This paper suggests importance of spacer damper installation in bundled conductor systems.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.99-110
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• 2019

Vortex-Induced-Vibration (VIV) is one kind of the wind-induced vibrations, which may occur in the construction and operation period of bridges. This phenomenon can bring negative effects to the traffic safety or can cause bridge fatigue damage and should be eliminated or controlled within safe amplitudes.In the current VIV studies, one available mitigation countermeasure, the horizontal flow-isolating plate, shows satisfactory performance particularly in PI shaped bridge deck type. Details of the wind tunnel test are firstly presented to give an overall description of this appendage and its control effect. Then, the computational-fluid-dynamics(CFD) method is introduced to investigate the control mechanism, using two-dimensional Large-Eddy-Simulation to reproduce the VIV process. The Reynolds number of the cases involved in this paper ranges from $1{\times}10^5$ to $3{\times}10^5$, using the width of bridge deck as reference length. A field-filter technique and detailed analysis on wall pressure are used to give an intuitive demonstration of the changes brought by the horizontal flow-isolating plate. Results show that this aerodynamic appendage is equally effective in suppressing vertical and torsional VIV, indicating inspiring application prospect in similar PI shaped bridge decks.

• Wind and Structures
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.181-194
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• 2014

A major problem with high-mast light poles is the effects that wind vortex shedding can have on the pole itself because of the lock-in phenomenon. It is desired that the coefficients in the AASHTO Standard Specifications ($5^{th}$ edition) for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaries, and Traffic Signals be analyzed and refined. This is for the belief that the span of the shapes of poles for which the coefficients are used is much too broad and a specific coefficient for each different shape is desired. The primary objective of this study is to develop wind vortex shedding coefficient for a multisided shape. To do that, an octagonal shape was used as the main focus since octagonal cross sectioned high-mast light poles are one of the most common shapes in service. For the needed data, many wind parameters, such as the static drag coefficient, the slope of aerodynamic lift coefficient, Strouhal number, the lock-in range of wind velocities producing vibrations, and variation of amplitude of vortex-induced vibration with Scruton number are needed. From wind tunnel experiments, aerodynamic parameters were obtained for an octagonal shape structure. Even though aerodynamic coefficients are known from past test results, they need to be refined by conducting further wind tunnel tests.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.375-387
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• 2023

The subsea power cables are increasingly important for harvesting renewable energies as we develop offshore wind farms located at a long distance from shore. Particularly, the continuous flexural motion of inter-array dynamic power cable of floating offshore wind turbine causes tremendous fatigue damages on the cable. As the subsea power cable consists of the helical structures with various components unlike a mooring line and a steel pipe riser, the fatigue analysis of the cables should be performed using special procedures that consider stick/slip phenomenon. This phenomenon occurs between inner helically wound components when they are tensioned or compressed by environmental loads and the floater motions. In particular, Vortex-induced vibration (VIV) can be generated by currents and have significant impacts on the fatigue life of the cable. In this study, the procedure for VIV fatigue analysis of the dynamic power cable has been established. Additionally, the respective roles of programs employed and required inputs and outputs are explained in detail. Demonstrations of case studies are provided under severely sheared currents to investigate the influences on amplitude variations of dynamic power cables caused by the excitation of high mode numbers. Finally, sensitivity studies have been performed to compare dynamic cable design parameters, specifically, structural damping ratio, higher order harmonics, and lift coefficients tables. In the future, one of the fundamental assumptions to assess the VIV response will be examined in detail, namely a narrow-banded Gaussian process derived from the VIV amplitudes. Although this approach is consistent with current industry standards, the level of consistency and the potential errors between the Gaussian process and the fatigue damage generated from deterministic time-domain results are to be confirmed to verify VIV fatigue analysis procedure for slender marine structures.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.881-896
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• 2015

In this study, a method for fatigue performance estimation of deepwater steel catenary riser (SCR) under short-term vortex-induced vibration was investigated for selected S-N curves. General tendency between S-N curve capacity and fatigue performance was analysed. SCRs are generally used to transport produced oil and gas or to export separated oil and gas, and are exposed to various environmental loads in terms of current, wave, wind and others. Current is closely related with VIV and it affects fatigue life of riser structures significantly. In this regards, the process of appropriate S-N curve selection was performed in the initial design stage based on the scale of fabrication-related initial imperfections such as welding, hot spot, crack, stress concentration factor, and others. To draw the general tendency, the effects of stress concentration factor (SCF), S-N curve type, current profile, and three different sizes of SCRs were considered, and the relationship between S-N curve capacity and short-term VIV fatigue performance of SCR was derived. In case of S-N curve selection, DNV (2012) guideline was adopted and four different current profiles of the Gulf of Mexico (normal condition and Hurricane condition) and Brazil (Amazon basin and Campos basin) were considered. The obtained results will be useful to select the S-N curve for deepwater SCRs and also to understand the relationship between S-N curve capacity and short-term VIV fatigue performance of deepwater SCRs.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.241-248
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• 2021

High cycle fatigue life for the cables with two different types of clamps is estimated comparatively through acceleration testing. The high cycle fatigue fracture of overhead lines is caused mainly by the aeolian vibration which is induced by vortex shedding. It is necessary to manage the integrity of cables continuedly considering that the aeolian vibration is unavoidable since it occurs in steady and relatively low wind velocity. Two types of clamps which are largely used for overhead lines of the distribution grids are selected and failure data are obtained by step stress testing with a electrodynamic shaker with them. The inverse power law is assumed to describe the stress-life relationship and the fatigue limit at any specified life is supposed to follow Weibull distribution. The life of the cable is defined as the number of cycles to the time that one of strands is completely broken. Finally, the fatigue limits of the cables with two clamp types are estimated at the reference life of 500 Mcycles and compared each other based on a bending vibration amplitude.