• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.353-360
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• 2011

In order to develop the application method of pig compost (PC) and liquid manure (LM) for whole crop barley cultivation, experiments were conducted at Munpo series (coarse loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Typic Fluvaquents) soil in Gyehwa-reclaimed land, six plots, a LM applied rate as N% ; non-application, chemical fertilizer (CF)100, 100, 50+50, 50+CF50 and (PC30+LM40)+LM50 as basal and additional fertilizer. $NO_3^-$-N content in soil was decreased as along with the growth of plant, highest in LM100% as basal fertilization at early growth stage and highest in (PC30%+LM40%)+LM40% and CF100% at last growth stage. Amount of $NO_3^-$-N and $NH_4^+$-N in soil was high in (PC30%+LM40%)+LM40% and CF100% of top soil but in subsoil significant difference was little in all treatment. Amount of OM, $A_V.P_2O_5$, T-N, exchangeable Ca and Na in soil was higher (PC30%+LM40%)+LM40% than non-application after harvest. Amount of nutrient uptake in plant was higher in CF100% and split application of LM than LM 100% application. Nitrogen utilization rate was in the order of CF100% >LM50%+LM50%=LM50%+CF50%>(PC30%+LM40%)+LM40% >LM100%. The yield of whole crop barley in (PC30%+LM40%)+LM40% and CF100% was 3.2 times more than in non-application ($309kg\;10a^{-1}$). Feed values such as crude protein and TDN was increased 1.0% ~ 1.4% in LM as split application than basal 100% treatment. Accordingly, in order to increase yield of a whole crop barley with application PC+LM in reclaimed land treat split application rather than to treat LM 100% into the land.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.332-337
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Newly reclaimed land has poor soil environment for crop growth since it is high in salt concentration but low in organic content compared with ordinary soil. It is known that whole-crop-barley can grow better in the soil of relatively high salt concentration than other crops but, the growth is poor at the concentration if higher than certain amount and it is a difficulty to secure productivity. Hence, the level of soil salt concentration suitable for the production of bulky feed in newly reclaimed land has been investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS: At Saemanguem reclaimed land, the land for the soil salt concentration electrical conductivity (EC) 0.8, 3.1, 6.5, 11.0 dS/m was selected; and chemical fertilizer $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ (150-100-100kg/ha) was tested; and forage barley 220kg/ha were sown. The soil salt concentration during the cultivation period decreased in the order of harvest season>earing season>sowing season>wintering season, and the salt concentration in harvest season is 1.4-4.2 times higher than that of the sowing season. The higher the salt concentration, the poorer the over ground growth due to poor rooting; especially at EC 11.0 ds/m there was emergence but, it blighted after wintering. The Yield from the soil salt concentration 3.1dS/m and 6.5 dS/m was 68% and 35% from that of the soil salt concentration 0.8 dS/m (8.8 MT/ha) respectively. The proline content in early life stage was more than that of the harvest season, and it increased with salt concentration. The higher salt concentration, the more $Na_2O$ and MgO content in harvest season; but the higher the salt concentration, the less the content of N, $P_2O_5$, $K_2O$ and CaO. CONCLUSION(S): When the soil salt concentration becomes higher than 3.1 dS/m, the yield becomes poor because there is serious growth inhibition of forage barley both in root part and above aerial part that results in unbalanced absorption of nutrients. Therefore, it is recommended that the salt concentration should be lowered below 3.1 dS/m by underground drainage facilities or irrigating water for the stable production of whole-crop-barley.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.110-118
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• 2015

This study was performed to investigate changes in the content and purity, as well as physical characteristics of ${\beta}$-glucan extracted from acid hydrolyzed whole grain barleys. Waxy and non-waxy barleys (Hordeum vulgare) were hydrolyzed with different concentrations of HCl (0.1~0.5 N) for 1 h. As the HCl concentration increased, the contents of total and soluble ${\beta}$-glucan from acid hydrolyzed barley decreased. However the ratio of soluble/total ${\beta}$-glucan content and purities of ${\beta}$-glucan significantly increased. The ratio of ${\beta}-(1{\rightarrow}4)/{\beta}-(1{\rightarrow}3)$ linkages, molecular weight, and viscosity of soluble ${\beta}$-glucan of raw barleys were 2.28~2.52, $6.0{\sim}7.0{\times}10^5g/mol$, and 12.8~32.8 centipoise (cP). Those of isolated soluble ${\beta}$-glucan were significantly decreased to 2.05~2.15, $6.6{\sim}7.8{\times}10^3g/mol$, and 3.6~4.2 cP, respectively, with increasing acid concentration. The re-solubility of raw barley ${\beta}$-glucan was about 50%, but increased to 97% with increasing acid concentration. Acid hydrolysis was shown to be an effective method to produce ${\beta}$-glucan with high ratio of soluble ${\beta}$-glucan content, purity, water solubility, and low viscosity.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.111-120
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• 2009

There are barley, wheat, oat, rye and triticale winter cereal crops for whole crop silage. These small grains have been suitable to use for round-baled silage making as livestock feed. Studies were carried out to understand the growth and productivity of five winter cereals grown at paddy field in middle region of South Korea. The ratio of culm weight per plant were described by quadratic function for 5 winter cereals crops. The peak of culm ratio were 1 May in barley variety 'Youngyang', 5 May in wheat variety Keumkang', 10 May in rye 'Gogu'(Rye), 11 May in triticale variety 'Shinyoung' and 13 June in oat variety 'Samhan', respectively. The ratio of leaf per plant were linearly decreased by growing. In barley and oat, the ratio of spike weight per plant were linearly increased after heading, but in wheat and triticale, it were not accumulated at one time after heading and rapidly increased after fertilization. The ratio of spike weight per plant in barley was outstandingly higher than that of wheat, triticale, rye and oat, respectively. So, barley variety 'Youngyang' recommended for whole crop forage use was suitable for forage use because of high at ratio of the leaf and spike. The proper cutting date by the percentage of dry matter for baled-silage making, 30$[\sim}$40%, were 25 May in barley variety 'Youngyang', 25 May to 5 June in wheat variety 'Keumkang' and triticale variety 'Shinyoung', 15 May in rye 'Gogu' and 5 June in oat variety 'Samhan', respectively. The total aerial fresh weight accumulation at different cutting dates were described by quadratic function for barley, wheat and triticale. The forage fresh yield were peaked at 7 May in barley, 14 May in wheat, 17 May in triticale and late of May in oat, respectively. The dry matter yields of four small cereals were linearly increased after over-wintering. The yield at the date of proper harvesting time by water content for baled silage making were sequently high oat, barley, wheat, triticale and rye. The relative growth rate was relatively high in rye at early cutting but high in oat at late cutting. In barley, wheat and triticale, the rate were similar.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.196-202
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• 2020

Rye, whole-crop barley and Italian Ryegrass are major winter forage species in Korea, and yield monitoring of winter forage species is important to improve forage productivity by precision management of forage. Forage monitoring using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has offered cost effective and real-time applications for site-specific data collection. To monitor forage crop by multispectral camera with UAV, we tested four types of vegetation index (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; NDVI, Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index; GNDVI, Normalized Green Red Difference Index; NGRDI and Normalized Difference Red Edge Index; NDREI). Field measurements were conducted on paddy field at Naju City, Jeollanam-do, Korea between February to April 2019. Aerial photos were obtained by an UAV system and NDVI, GNDVI, NGRDI and NDREI were calculated from aerial photos. About rye, whole-crop barley and Italian Ryegrass, regression analysis showed that the correlation coefficients between dry matter and NDVI were 0.91~0.92, GNDVI were 0.92~0.94, NGRDI were 0.71~0.85 and NDREI were 0.84~0.91. Therefore, GNDVI were the best effective vegetation index to predict dry matter of rye, wholecrop barley and Italian Ryegrass by UAV system.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2010

This experiment was carried out to estimate the nutritive value of mixed-sowing winter forage crop and whole crop barley by investigating the effects of feeding mixed-sowing winter forage crop and whole crop barley in KBG (Korean black goat) on feed intake, average daily body weight gain, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention. The 12 male KBG were divided into four experimental groups - i.e. T1: barley silage added group, T2: mixed-sowing hairy vetch silage added group, T3: mixed-sowing field peas added silage, T4: mixed-sowing Italian rye grass added silage group. Three KBG per each treatment were allotted into individual metabolic cages by Latin-square design. The results from this study are as follow. The DMI (dry matter intake) and organic matter intake in T4 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in T1 and T3 and crude protein intake in T4 also recorded the highest among treatments (p<0.05). The highest values in intakes of ADF and NDF were observed in T4 followed by T2, T1 and T3 in order. The average daily body weight gains in T4 and T2 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in TI and T3. The dry and organic matter digestibility in T2 and T4 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in T1 and T3. The crude protein digestibility in T1 was significantly (p<0.05) lower than those in T2 and T4. The nitrogen intakes in T2 and T4 were significantly (p<0.05) higher than those in T3. The results obtained from this study suggested that the feeds supplemented with whole crop barley with hairy vetch and Italian rye grass mixture silage increased KBG productivity resulted from increases in feed intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.289-292
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• 2003

A series of three separate experiments was contucted to investigate the effect of working time quality and animal palatability of barley whole crop silage by trench and round bale in paddy field of Central and Northern region from 1999 to 2001. Dry matter yield of trench and round bale silage was 12,562 and 12,555 MT per ha, respectively. Quality and animal palatability of silage by trench was slightly higher than those by round bale. Work time of trench silage and bale silage per ha were 4.9 and 5.7 time. Silage making areas by trench and round bale were 4 and 3ha per day, respectively, The results demonstrated that silage making by round bale was good for production cost over 7 working days.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.205-216
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• 2010

Few spring sowing have been conducted on winter cereal crops for whole-crop silage use. Experiments were conducted during 2007 and 2008 at the Chungnam Agricultural Research & Extension Services. The objectives of this study were compared the spring sowing with the optimum season's sowing on growth, yield and feed quality in five winter cereal crops. The treatments consisted of 5 winter cereal crops, Youngyang (Barley, Spring habit I), Keumkang (Wheat, Spring habit II), Gogu(Rye, Spring habit estimated III), Shinyoung (Triticale, Spring habit estimated III), Samhan(Oat, Spring habit estimated II), and 3 planting dates, 18 October (optimum season's sowing), 23 February and 10 March in spring. Heading days as affected by spring sowing compared to optimum season sowing were delayed by 16~20 days in barley, wheat, rye and triticale, and 9 days in oat. The clipping dates at the optimal harvesting stage of each crop for round-baled silage in spring sowing was 8 June (yellow ripe stage) in barley, 25 May (10 days after heading) in rye, and 17 June in wheat (yellow ripe stage), triticale (milky stage) and oat (milky stage). The accumulative temperature from emergence to heading was significantly decreased as affected by spring sowing compared to optimum season's sowing, but that of sowing to emergence and that of heading to maturing was similar. The rate of spikes per tillering surveyed at each clipping date was 62.0-73.1 percent in barley, wheat, triticale and oat, and 56.0 percent in rye compared to that of optimum season sowing. The dry matter yield in spring sowing compared to 18 October was obtained about 71.7 percent in barley, 60.6 percent in wheat, 46.2 percent in rye, 70.2 percent in triticale and 110.9 percent in oat. It were increased in acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein content, but decreased in digestible dry matter content(DDM) and relative feed value (RFV). The yield of DDM by spring sowing was decreased in barley, wheat, rye and triticale, but increased in oat. The yield of dry matter and DDM were higher in oat and triticale than that of barley, wheat and oat. So, regardless to clipping dates and cropping system, the appropriated crop for spring sowing was oat, and subsequently triticale and barley. It was not adopted for spring sowing in rye because of low rate of no. of spikes per tillers and yield. It was necessary eliminated winter growing nature by earlier sowing at the late of February after overwinter.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 2017

This study aimed to determine the optimal harvesting time for covered barley to make grain silage, in Honam region of Korea. We harvested six varieties of barley every third day from 24 to 42 days after heading (DAH). The moisture content decreased from 62.4% at 24 DAH to 24% at 42 DAH. The moisture content at 36 DAH was 44.3%; however, moisture content at 39 and 42 DAH was lower than 40%. Yield of covered barley significantly increased from 24 to 42 DAH (p < 0.05). Yield at 36 DAH (557 kg/10a) was not significantly different from that at 39 and 42 DAH (p < 0.05). With respect to the feed value of barley grain silage, the amount of crude fiber and crude ash was different by harvesting time (p < 0.05). However, the amount of crude protein, crude fat, and total digestible nutrients (TDN) from 24 and 42 DAH was not significantly different. The pH of grain silage from 24 to 42 DAH was between 3.8 and 4.2 and it was stable until 36 DAH (p < 0.05). However, the pH of grain silage at 39 and 42 DAH was 5.2 and 5.8, respectively, which was higher than the pH of silage with good fermentation quality. The lactic acid content of barley grain silage from 24 to 42 DAH decreased from 5.5% to 0.5% (p < 0.05). The amount of lactic acid at 36 DAH was higher than that at 39 and 42 DAH (p < 0.05). With respect to moisture content, yield, feed value, and fermentation, the optimal harvesting time for grain silage of covered barley was 36 DAH. This could increase the use efficiency of harvesting machine for barley and reduce the harvesting time gap between whole barley silage and grain silage in Korea. Moreover, using barley grain silage for animal feed could reduce the import of corn.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.87-92
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• 1996

The quality of silages, made from whole crop barley, rye, spring oat, Italian ryeglass, orchardgrass, alfalfa and grass-legume pasture mixtures, were evaluated under two different conservation techniques in baled silage making (BS) and conventional silages(CS). Crops materials were harvested at the stage of the greatest dry matter accumulation(hard dough for barley, soft dough for rye and oat, late bloom for Italian ryegrass and others pasture species), and baled in a self constructed square baling chamber weighted by 25~30kg in dry matter basis. Each bales were wrapped with 0.05mm thick polyethylen plastic film and stored six months long in stack silos. Barley, rye, oat and Italian ryegrass including of pasture crops produced higher quality silages in the baled silage making, due to better organic acid fermentation and lower nutrient losses during the period of storage than those in the conventional silages. TDN contents of barley silages were 65.3% in BS and 63.7% in CS, NEL value of barley silages was improved hum 6.48MJ(CS) to 6.61MJ/kg(BS) in dry matter basis. Silage quality of rye, oat and pasture crops were also improved markedly in the baled silage utilization.