• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.2
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• pp.17-30
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• 1981

This study is designed to analyze the child's behaviour development and consider parent's expectation toward it. In the research of the aspect of child's behaviour development, first, this study will analyze the change and development a child shows according to his age, sex, and the community where he is brought up, and then, the relationship between child's behaviour development and parent's expectation toward it. (1) Child's Behaviour Development. a) According to Age. At the age of three ; In such behaviours as wiping nose, dressing, brushing teeth, putting on coat alone, going to toilet for B.M., going on errands, and playing contentedly alone, washing hands, greeting his elders, a child at the age of three to four shows a rapid development, and therefore it seems better to train a child in these behaviors age of three. At the age of four ; In such behaviors sharing cakes with friends, riding on a tricycle, a child shows great development, at the age of four to five, and therefore it seems better to train him in them at the age of four. At the age of five ; In such behaviors as combing hair, putting toys away in proper place, telephoning a child shows great development at the age of five to six, and therefore it seems better to train him in them at the age of five. b) According to sex and community. As a whole, there is little difference between sexes and the communities. It can be estimated from this that sex or the community has on the whole no great influence on the basic aspects of child's behavior development. (2) Parent's expectation. On the whole parent's expectation falls short of a child's development in behaviors ; especially, bathing himself, dressing, going to toilet for B.M, going to toilet to urinate, telephoning, etc. This tendency is consficuous in the case of three or four year old children. This results from parent's protecting in excess their children and reducing the opportunities to encourage the children's independence by delaying the babyhood. (3) The relationship between child's behaviour development and parent's expectation. a) On the whole, the behaviour of a child is at a higher level than parent's expectation. b) As a child grows from three years to six, his behaviour develops on the whole in accordance with the increase of parent's expectation. But the level of the former is lower than that of the latter. c) According to computing a coefficient of correlation is as follows. 3 years old ; .84 4 years old ; .90 5 years old ; .87 6 years old ; .89 It shows there is a high correlation between child's Behaviour and Parent's Expectation.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.147-156
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• 2010

There are four key factors for gas-phase biofilters; biocatalysts(microorganisms), packing materials, design/operating techniques, and diagnosis/management techniques. Biofilter performance is significantly affected by microbial community structures as well as loading conditions. The microbial studies on biofilters are mostly performed on basis of culture-dependent methods. Recently, advanced methods have been proposed to characterize the microbial community structure in environmental samples. In this study, the physiological, biochemical and molecular methods for profiling microbial communities are reviewed, and their applicability to biofilters is discussed. Community-level physiological profile is based on the utilization capability of carbon substrate by heterotrophic community in environmental samples. Phospholipid fatty acid analysis method is based on the variability of fatty acids present in cell membranes of different microorganisms. Molecular methods using DNA directly extracted from environmental samples can be divided into "partial community DNA analysis" and "whole community DNA analysis" approaches. The former approaches consist in the analysis of PCR-amplified sequence, the genes of ribosomal operon are the most commonly used sequences. These methods include PCR fragment cloning and genetic fingerprinting such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism, ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis, and random amplified polymorphic DNA. The whole community DNA analysis methods are total genomic cross-DNA hybridization, thermal denaturation and reassociation of whole extracted DNA and extracted whole DNA fractionation using density gradient.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.171-179
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• 2016

Recent succession of soil microorganisms and vegetation has occurred in the glacier foreland, because of glacier thawing. In this study, whole microbial communities, including bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, from the glacier foreland of Midtre Lovénbreen in Svalbard were analyzed by metagenome sequencing, using the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM) platform. Soil samples were collected from two research sites (ML4 and ML7), with different exposure times, from the ice. A total of 2,798,108 and 1,691,859 reads were utilized for microbial community analysis based on the metagenomic sequences of ML4 and ML7, respectively. The relative abundance of microbial communities at the domain level showed a high proportion of bacteria (about 86−87%), whereas archaeal and eukaryotic communities were poorly represented by less than 1%. The remaining 12% of the sequences were found to be unclassified. Predominant bacterial groups included Proteobacteria (40.3% from ML4 and 43.3% from ML7) and Actinobacteria (22.9% and 24.9%). Major groups of Archaea included Euryarchaeota (84.4% and 81.1%), followed by Crenarchaeota (10.6% and 13.1%). In the case of eukaryotes, both ML4 and ML7 samples showed Ascomycota (33.8% and 45.0%) as the major group. These findings suggest that metagenome analysis using the Ion Torrent PGM platform could be suitably applied to analyze whole microbial community structures, providing a basis for assessing the relative importance of predominant groups of bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic microbial communities in the Arctic glacier foreland of Midtre Lovénbreen, with high resolution.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.11-28
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• 2021

Due to its size and complex characteristics, it is not often to newly create a large park within an existing urban area. Also, there has been a lack of research on the planting design methodologies for a large park. This study aims to elucidate how ecological ideas can be applied to planting practice from a designer's perspective, and eventually suggest a planting design framework in the actual case, the Central Park in the City of Gwangju. This framework consists of spatial structure of planting area in order to connect and unite the separated green patches, to adapt to the changes of existing vegetation patterns, to maintain the visual continuity of landscape, and to organize the whole open space system. The framework can be provided for the spatial planning and planting design phase in which the landscape designer flexibly uses it with the design intentions as well as with an understanding of the physical, social, and aesthetic characteristics of the site. The significance of this approach is, first that it can maintain ecological and visual consistency of the both existing and introduced landscapes as a whole in spite of its intrinsic complexity and largeness, and second that it can help efficiently respond to the unexpected changes in the landscape. In the case study, comprehensive site analysis is conducted before developing the framework. In particular, wetlands and grasslands have been identified as potential wildlife habitat which critically determines the vegetation patterns of the green area. Accordingly, the lists of plant communities are presented along with the planting scheme for their shape, layout, and relations. The model of the plant community is developed responding to the structure of surrounding natural landscape. However, it is not designed to evolve to a specific plant community, but is rather a conceptual model of ecological potentials. Therefore, the application of the model has great flexibility by using other plant communities as an alternative as long as the characteristics of the communities are appropriate to the physical conditions. Even though this research provides valuable implications for landscape planning and design in the similar circumstances, there are several limitations to be overcome in the further research. First, there needs to be more sufficient field surveys on the wildlife habitats, which would help generate a more concrete planting model. Second, a landscape management plan should be included considering the condition of existing forest, in particular the afforested landscapes. Last, there is a lack of quantitative data for the models of some plant communities.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.137-151
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• 2014

Various studies have been conducted to investigate effects of dams on river ecosystems, but less information is available regarding damming impacts on downstream denitrification. We measured denitrification enzyme activity (potential denitrification rate) and denitrifier abundances (using nirS, nirK, and nosZ as markers) in dammed headstreams of the Nakdong River in South Korea. Sediments in Phragmites-dominated riparian areas and in-stream areas across streams (dammed vs. reference) with different streambed materials (gravel and sand) were sampled occasionally. We hypothesized that (i) the higher available N and C contents in sediments downstream of dams foster larger denitrifier communities than in the reference system and (ii) differences in potential denitrification rates across the systems correspond with denitrifier abundances. Despite 30 years of different hydrological management with dams and greater inorganic N and DOC contents in sediments downstream of dams, compared to the references, abundances of denitrifier communities and potential denitrification rates within the whole sediment were not significantly different across the systems. However, nirS and nosZ denitrifier abundances and potential denitrification rates were considerably increased in specific sediments downstream of dams (gravelly riparian and sandy in-stream) with regard to flooding events and seasonal temperature variation. nirK was not amplified in all sediments. Canonical correspondence analyses (CCA) revealed that the relationship between abundances of denitrifier communities and nutrient availabilities and potential denitrification rates was a weak one.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.353-361
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• 2011

This study was conducted to examine the effects of sedimentation caused by highland agriculture on benthic macroinvertbrate assemblages in upper Song Stream from 2006 to 2009. The mean concentrations of water quality parameters (pH, DO, EC, TDS, TN, and TP) were gradually increasing toward downstream but ORP was decreased. Furthermore, biological habitats at lower reaches were more homogeneous and unstable due to sand deposition than those at upper sites. A total 106 species of benthic macroinvertbrates in 47 families, 11 orders, 6 classes, and 5 phyla were identified during whole field surveys. Song Stream showed great declines of overall biological attributes along its longitudinal gradients, particularly in taxa richness and abundance. Of all functional groups scrapers and clingers were most affected against the degradation of habitat quality, whereas collector-gatherers and burrowers showed the opposite case. It was found that such results had close correlations with water quality parameters and substrate composition which played an important role in structuring macroinvertebrate communities. In conclusion, this study represents that disturbance caused by highland agricultural activities had negative effects on benthic macroinvertebrate communities by leading to sand deposition at adjacent stream ecosystems.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.66-77
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• 2009

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the forest vegetation located in the whole area of Mt. Boryeonsan in Noeunmyeon, Chungju city, Chungcheongbuk Province, Korea using the methodology of the ZM school of phytosociology. The forest vegetation was classified into one Larix leptolepis afforestation, five secondary communities including Qurecus acutissima community, Pinus densiflora community, Quercus aliena community, Quercus serrata community, Quercus variabilis community and one association, Ainsliaeo-Quercetum mongolicae Song et al. 1999(Rhododendro schlippenbachii-Quercion mongolicae, Aceri pseudosieboldiani-Quercetalia mongolicae, Quercetea mongolicae). The research expatiated on the relationship between species composition of the forest communities and the environmental conditions, such as human interference, altitude, slope, topography and chemical properties of soil, and also analyzed the life form by each community. As a result, the Ainsliaeo-Quercetum mongolicae was judged as the most stable community among the forest communities identified here. On the other hand, a division of cluster analysis based on the dominance of the component species, appeared similar to the community units classified phytosociologically. Thus, it is inferred that the survey area will be dominated by the potential natural vegetation, Ainsliaeo-Quercetum mongolicae finally, if progressive succession is advanced continuously.

• Journal of Appropriate Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.115-125
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• 2020

Housing issues such as mushrooming slums remain as chronic in most developing countries. Due to the state's restrained capacity, the housing-vulnerable's self-help approaches have been increasingly inevitable and vital for addressing the housing issues. However, there are still two challenges: securing good quality with economic efficiency, and climate change mitigation and adaptation. This study aims at doing an architectural experiment by developing and educating the production of eco-friendly interlocking stabilized soil bricks (ISSB) by employing vernacular materials and technologies for housing-vulnerable communities in Indonesia. In collaboration with a local architectural NGO, the study features a co-creation workshop in which 40 evicted households participate in the whole process. Soil analysis, mixed design, compression tests, and economic analysis are carried out. This paper illustrates that ISSB also has a high potential as an alternative to a burned brick or a cement block. The application of ISSB to self-help housing is expected to have socioeconomic and environmental effects, thereby facilitating the housing-vulnerable's self-help approaches and contributing to addressing the housing challenges in Indonesia.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.132-133
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• 2003

The marine dinoflagellate genus Alexandrium comprise PSP producing A. acatenella, A. angustitabuzatum, A. catenella, A. fundyense, A. minutum, A. ostenfezdii, A. tamiyavanichii and A. tamarense. In monitoring toxic Alexandrium, rapid and exact species identification is one of the significant prerequisite work, however we have suffered confusion of species definition in Alexandrium. To surmount this problem, we chose DNA probing, which has long been used as an alternative for conventional identification methods, primarily relying on morphological approaches using microscope in microbial field. Oligonucleotide DNA probes targeting rRNA or rDNA have been commonly used in diverse studies to detect and enumerate cells concerned as a culture-indetendent powerful tool. Despite of the massive literature on the HAB species containing Alexandrium, application of DNA probing for species identification and detection has been limited to a few documents. DNA probes of toxic A. tamarense, A. catenella and A. tamiyavanichii, and non-toxic A. affine, A. fraterculus, A. insuetum and A. pseudogonyaulax were designed from LSU rDNA D1-D2, and applied to whole cell-FISH. Each DNA probes reacted only the targeted Alexandrium cells with very high species-specificity within Alexandrium. The probes could detect each targeted cells obtained from the natural sea water samples without cross-reactivity. Labeling intensity varied in the growth stage, this showed that the contents of probe-targeted cellular rRNA decreased with reduced growth rate. Double probe TAMID2S1 achieved approximately two times higher fluorescent intensity than that with single probe TAMID2. This double probe did not cross-react with any kinds of microorganisms in the natural sea waters. Therefore we can say that in whole-cell FISH procedure this double DNA probe successfully labeled targeted A. tamiyavanichii without cross-reaction with congeners and diverse natural bio-communities.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.25-38
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• 1978

A survey was made with regard to understanding attitude and practical use of modern and traditional methods of health care in a rural village with 742 inhabitants which comes under one of the whole three types of Korean rural community, to find out the following facts. 1. Among the five types of health-care given, the most understood, chosen and used one was the doctor followed next by pharmacy and continually herb doctor, folkways method, shamanistic treatment; the last shown method was principally chosen to use by only one among 139 housewives as respondants available, 2. Between herb medicine and folkways method of care, the former was more relief upon than the latter while the latter was more used than the former, seemingly because of relative low cast of the latter. 3. A considerable part of those who mainly used the doctor or pharmacy also used herb doctor or folkways care； modern and traditional care methods coexisted in the pertaining community. 4. Nearly all of the respondants ware, reasonably, aware of effectiveness of modern types of health-care; but, at the same time, more than a half of them had a positive attitude towards traditional method as well. 5, On the whole, the respondants made a distinction between traditional health-care methods and shamanism, regarding the latter as ineffective. 6. The result hints that it would be desirable for health-care professionals to inquire into traditional methods of health-care with a view to being more acquainted with rural residents and so raising their use of services by experts. 7. It should be added that the results of this piece of study may have a general significance only within those communities which shares the same socio-cultural background and characteristic of the surveyed one.