• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.325-332
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate tooth whitening maintenance efficacy of several dentifrices containing effective ingredients for tooth whitening. Methods: Hydroxyapatite specimens(HAPs) staining was done by using modified Stookey's methods. HAPs were treated with 2.9% hydrogen peroxide containing strip for whitening, and were shaken with several dentifrice slurry(dentifrice 1 : artificial saliva 2) for 30 minutes. The HAPs were finally dipped in staining solution for an hour. Shaking and dipping were repeated 4 times and lightness values were measured by colorimeter at each step. In clinical test, test 4 dentifrice and control dentifrice were evaluated by 21 subjects for 2 months after receiving institutional review board(IRB) approval. Organoleptic(vita shade guide) and instrumental(SHADEEYE-NCC) evaluation were performed for whiteness change of teeth. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc test and ${\chi}^2$-test(p<0.05). Results: All dentifrices showed statistical significance in comparison with control dentifrice containing sodium fluoride and test 4 dentifrice containing sodium pyrophosphate, sodium metaphosphate, candelilla wax, and sodium fluoride showed statistical significance in comparison with other dentifrices by inhibiting staining in vitro(p<0.05). In clinical test, test 4 dentifrice showed better effects than control dentifrice in organoleptic and instrumental evaluation in tooth whitening maintenance efficacy(p<0.05). The awareness toward tooth whitening maintenance efficacy for 2 months use showed that test 4 dentifrice was much better than control dentifrice, but did not show statistically significant(p>0.05). Conclusions: Dentifrice containing sodium pyrophosphate, sodium metaphosphate, candelilla wax and sodium fluoride was more effective in keeping teeth white.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.6.1-6.11
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• 2019

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of whitening mouth rinses alone and in combination with conventional whitening treatments on color, microhardness, and surface roughness changes in enamel specimens. Materials and Methods: A total of 108 enamel specimens were collected from human third molars and divided into 9 groups (n = 12): 38% hydrogen peroxide (HP), 10% carbamide peroxide (CP), 38% HP + Listerine Whitening (LW), 10% CP + LW, 38% HP + Colgate Plax Whitening (CPW), 10% CP + CPW, LW, CPW, and the control group (CG). The initial color of the specimens was measured, followed by microhardness and roughness tests. Next, the samples were bleached, and their color, microhardness, and roughness were assessed. Data were analyzed through 2-way analysis of variance (ANOVA; microhardness and roughness) and 1-way ANOVA (color change), followed by the Tukey post hoc test. The Dunnett test was used to compare the roughness and microhardness data of the CG to those of the treated groups. Results: Statistically significant color change was observed in all groups compared to the CG. All groups, except the LW group, showed statistically significant decreases in microhardness. Roughness showed a statistically significant increase after the treatments, except for the 38% HP group. Conclusions: Whitening mouth rinses led to a whitening effect when they were used after conventional treatments; however, this process caused major changes on the surface of the enamel specimens.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제48권3호
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• pp.26.1-26.12
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• 2023

Objective: This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effects of different whitening toothpastes on a composite resin during at-home bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide. Materials and Methods: Sixty samples (7 mm × 2 mm) were used for color and roughness analyses, while another 60 samples (3 mm × 2 mm) were utilized to assess microhardness. The factors analyzed included toothpaste, for which 5 options with varying active agents were tested (distilled water; conventional toothpaste; whitening toothpaste with abrasive agents; whitening toothpaste with abrasive and chemical agents; and whitening toothpaste with abrasive, chemical, and bleaching agents). Brushing and application of whitening gel were performed for 14 days. Surface microhardness (SMH), surface roughness (Ra), and color (ΔL^*, Δa^*, Δb, ΔE^*_ab, and ΔE₀₀) were analyzed. The Ra and SMH data were analyzed using mixed generalized linear models for repeated measures, while the color results were assessed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn tests. Results: Between the initial and final time points, all groups demonstrated significant increases in Ra and reductions in SMH. No significant differences were found between groups for SMH at the final time point, at which all groups differed from the distilled water group. Conventional toothpaste exhibited the lowest Ra, while whitening toothpaste with abrasive agent had the highest value. No significant differences were observed in ΔL^*, Δa^*, and Δb. Conclusions: While toothpaste composition did not affect the color stability and microhardness of resin composite, combining toothbrushing with whitening toothpaste and at-home bleaching enhanced the change in Ra.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.51-62
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• 2021

This study evaluated the cosmetic effects of a far-infrared hot and cool mask (BBSkinplus) on face skin moisturization, whitening, and wrinkles using a randomized clinical trial. Forty female participants (mean age 47.7 ± 4.6 years) were allocated into the treatment group (BBSkinplus treatment and lotion application twice a day) or the control group (only lotion application twice a day), and moisture, brightness, and wrinkles were measured at 0, 1 and 2 weeks. The average values of each measurement were changed significantly by BBSkinplus treatment compared to the control group. At the 2-week treatment time point, the statistical differences in improvement rates between the two groups were significant at 8.7% vs. 3.9% for moisture (p < 0.01), 0.7% vs. 0.4% for brightness (p < 0.01), and -3.1% vs. 0.0% as Ra and -6.3% vs. 1.5% as R3z for wrinkles (p < 0.05), respectively. No notable complaint was reported regarding any kind of adverse effects such as erythema, itching, or burning. This clinical data support the potential of BBSkinplus as a home beauty device providing moisturizing, whitening, and anti-wrinkle effects on the face.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.529-536
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• 2017

이 연구는 제주연안 해역에서 갯녹음의 확산동향과 기후변화로 인한 동계 수온변화(수온상승)가 갯녹음 확산에 미치는 영향을 알아보고 갯녹음 원인생물인 무절석회조류의 번식과 생장을 파악하기 위해 연구되었다. 제주연안의 갯녹음 발생면적은 1998년에는 2,931ha였으나, 2003년에는 4,541ha로 증가하였다. 발생해역도 1998년은 제주도 남부해역에서 주로 발생했으나, 2003년에는 조천읍, 구좌읍을 제외한 제주도 전역으로 확산되었다. 1992년부터 2004년까지 관측된 2월 평균수온은 갯녹음 해역 $15.1^{\circ}C$, 해중림 해역 $13.9^{\circ}C$로 갯녹음 해역이 $1.2^{\circ}C$가 높게 나타나 두 해역 간 뚜렷한 차이를 보였으나, 8월 수온은 두 해역 간 차이가 없었다. 수온의 장기변동(37년)에서도 갯녹음 해역이 평균 $15.3^{\circ}C$인데 비하여 해중림 해역은 평균 $14.1^{\circ}C$로 갯녹음 해역이 해중림 해역보다 $1.2^{\circ}C$가 높게 나타났다. 연간 수온 증가 값은 갯녹음 해역이 매년 $0.038^{\circ}C$씩 증가하고 있는 반면, 해중림 해역은 $0.024^{\circ}C$씩 증가하여 장기 수온변동은 갯녹음 해역이 해중림 해역보다 높았다. 이와 같이 기후변화로 인한 지속적인 동계 수온상승은 제주도 갯녹음을 확대시키고 있음을 시사하고 있다.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.364-370
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• 2012

본 연구는 도화를 70% 아세톤 추출하여 sephadex LH-20으로 분리한 후 8개의 분획물을 얻을 수 있었다. 미백효과 측정으로 tyrosinase 저해활성을 측정한 결과 분획물 8의 경우 1,000 ppm에서 92.2%를 나타내었으며, 멜라노마 세포에 의한 tyrosinase 저해활성은 100 ppm에서 63.4%, 멜라닌 생합성은 저해능은 100 ppm에서 71.7%의 효과를 나타내어 분획물 8의 효능이 가장 우수하였다. 주름개선 효과 측정으로 elastase 저해활성을 측정한 결과 분획물 5, 7이 1,000 ppm에서 각각 71.4, 74.5%의 저해활성을 나타내었으며, collagenase 저해활성과 collagen 생합성량을 측정한 결과 분획물 8이 100 ppm에서 80.0% 이상의 저해활성을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 보아 도화 분획물의 미백 및 주름개선 효과가 있음을 확인할 수 있었고, 기능성 화장품 소재로서의 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2016

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to measure the characteristics of the perceived quality of college students of 20s which is the main customers of whitening, and to investigate the customer satisfaction and repurchase intentions according to the perceived quality of whitening. Research design, data and methodology - The interviewers in the research are 300 college students in Seoul and the metropolitan area. They were collected from October 1 to October 24, 2013. 283 of collected questionnaires were used for the analysis. The analysis in the general characteristics of the subjects was analyzed by frequency analysis. With five-dimensional factor analysis, the perceived quality through reliability analysis was investigated and verified. Results - The results from analysis of the standardized coefficient Beta value were performance(0.382), brand (0.339), and price (0.318) as a high level. On the other hand, services(0.172) and design factors (0.162) were relatively low. Conclusion - Looking for these results, this study could reach the notion that a lot of consumers with whitening cosmetics highly recognized brand, performance, and price factors, but the service and design factors were relatively recognized low in customer satisfaction and repurchase intentions.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.155-160
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• 2015

This research evaluate antioxidant and skin-whitening effect of Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai by extraction processes. First, antioxidant effects were follows: EE (70% ethanol extract) showed higher DPPH scavenging activity of 69.66% than WE (hot water exract) 59.13% at $0.3mg/m{\ell}$, also UE's (70% ethanol extract by sonication process) higher than EE. Reducing power was that also EE showed higher than WE, and it was the highest value with UE's because of ultrasonic pretreatment. Next, the whitening effect tyrosinase inhibition activity was measured that EE was 23.88%, WE's was 16.69%, and UE was 23.34%. Ultrasonic pretreatment did not influence to tyrosinase inhibition activity. Cell viability showed low cell toxicity in all groups. UE's inhibited melanin synthesis, 55.1%, that is higher than EE and WE, 52.7% and 39.5%, respectively. As a result, we confirmed that antioxidant activities and skin-whitening effect by extraction process. Also, this results confirmed that the Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai extracts worth as cosmetic materials.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제31권6호
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• pp.470-476
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• 2006

본 연구는 치아미백용 2.6% hydrogen peroxide 부착대와 통상 home bleaching용으로 안전하다고 알려진 10% carbamide peroxide 미백젤이 법랑질 미세경도에 미치는 영향을 미백을 하지 않은 경우와 비교, 평가하기위하여 시행되었다. 최근에 발거한 사람의 상악 절치 20개를 사용하여 가로, 세로 2 mm의 정사각형 치아편을 각 치아에서 3개씩 절단, 채득한 후 교정용 bracket에 고정하여 시편을 제작하였다. 자원자는 20명을 선정하였고, 각각의 자원자의 치아에 동일 치아에서 제작한 시편이 부착된 bracket을 순면 중앙에 부착하였으며 상악 우측 측절치에 젤을 이용한 군 (Opalescence tooth whitening gel, Ultradent Product Inc, South Jordan, USA), 상악 우측 중절치에 미백을 하지 않은 대조군, 상악 좌측 중절치에 부착대를 이용한 군 (Claren, LG Household & Health Care, Seoul, Korea)을 부착 시켰다. 젤을 이용한 군은 bracket이 부착된 치아에 맞게 상악 우측 측절치부터 우측 소구치까지를 덮는 mouthguard tray를 제작하여 매일 동일시간에 2시간씩 14일 동안 미백을 시행하였으며, 대조군은 부착 28일 동안 미백 치료 없이 구강 내에 위치시켰다. 부착대를 이용한 군은 bracket의 시편을 덮을 수 있는 크기로 상악용 Claren을 절단하여 오전, 오후 각각 30분씩 하루 두 번 부착하여 14일 동안 미백을 시행하였다. 각군 모두 bracket부착 전, 미백 14일 후, 재광화 14일 후의 미세경도를 측정하였으며 측정된 값을 이용하여 미세경도 변화 양상과 변화량을 비교 평가하였다. 치아미백용 2.6% hydrogen peroxide 부착대와 젤 형태의 10% carbamide peroxide 미백제의 미백 전, 미백후, 재광화 후 미세경도 변화 양상이 미백을 하지 않은 대조군과 차이를 보이지 않았으며 (p > 0.05) 미백 전과 미백 후의 미세경도의 차이 미백후와 재광화 후의 미세경도의 차이도 유의할 만한 차이가 없었다 (p > 0.05). 따라서 시중에 판매되고 있는 whitening strip과 미백 젤은 14일 동안의 통상적인 미백과정 동안 법랑질의 미세경도에 영향을 미치지 않는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.82-91
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate whitening effects and anti-wrinkle effects of a few 80% ethanol extracted herbal medicines. Methods : In the first study, a few 80% ethanol extracted herbal medicines were screened for their inhibitory activities against the tyrosinase. In the second study, a few 80% ethanol extracted herbal medicines were screened for their inhibitory activities against elastase. Results : 1. We showed 28%, 27% and 19% inhibitions of mushroom tyrosinase at 500 $\mu$g/ml concentration of ASR, AIF and ABR extracts and they were showed higher anti-tyrosinase activity than arbutin's. We also could observe that the decreased mushroom tyrosinase activities in RR, CML, LR, AGR and TH extracts. 2. RR, AF and ABR (final concentrstion 1 mg/ml) were appeared 60%, 98%, 83% of inhibitions of elastase activity, and they were showed higher anti-elastase activity than that of ursolic acid. We also could observe that the decreased elastase activities in AIF, AR, LR and CML extracts. Conclusions : These results suggest that ASR, AIF and ABR extracts contribute to the anti-melanin activities and represent potential sources of whitening agent, and RR, AF and ABR extracts contribute to the anti-elastase activities and represent potential sources of anti-wrinkle agent. These results suggest that some herbal medicines could be strong potential sources of inhibition about anti-aging and whitening effects for the skin.