• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.45-50
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• 2020

Morus alba has white and/or purple fruits with a very sweet taste and low acidity. Most Korean mulberry trees have purple fruits. However, Baekokwang is a unique mulberry genetic resource in Korea with white fruits. In this study, flavonoids contents of Baekokwang mulberry leaf and fruit were analyzed using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-DAD-QTOF/MS) technique. UPLC-DAD-QTOF/MS chromatogram showed that 15 flavonoids and 9 flavonoids were isolated and identified from the mulberry leaf and fruit. Total flavonoids contents of Baekokwang leaves and fruits were 812.7 mg and 35.0 mg, respectively. Baekokwang leaves had 4 major flavonoids including quercetin 3-O-(6"-O-malonyl) glucoside, 235.3 ppm, kaempferol 3-O-(6"-O-malonyl) glucoside, 132.3 ppm, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (nicotiflorin), 108.1 ppm, and quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin), 103.8 ppm. Baekokwang fruits had 3 major flavonoids including quercetin 3-O-(6"-O-malonyl) glucoside, 13.0 ppm, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (rutin), 7.8 ppm, and kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside (nicotiflorin), 5.7 ppm. From the above results, mulberry leaves have rich flavonoids compared to its fruits.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.459-480
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• 1991

Physilogical disorders of P. ginseng occurred in farmer's field were reviewed in relation to symptom. In root, red skin, rough skin, rust, root rot complex, round root, fine root stripe, freezing injury, cracking, sleeping and uneven emergence were frequently appeared. In leaf and stem, yellowing, early defoliation, leaf bum, Papery leaf, white freezing injury, wind injury, stem cracking were the main troubles. Red skin of root and leaf yellowing gave the greatest negative impact on ginseng production. Some cases of damage by pesticides, excess boron and industrial pollutants were reported. Physiological disorders related to quality factors, such as inside cavity, inside white sponge-like ect. after processing were discussed.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.193-196
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• 2009

Pinellia koreana K-H Tae & J-H Kim is a recently discovered Korea endemic medicinal plant species whose natural habitat is rapidly destroyed by industrial development. Described in this paper are culture conditions for high frequency plant regeneration via bulblet formation from leaf explant cultures of P. koreana. Leaf explants formed white nodular structures and off-white calluses at a frequency of 91.2% when cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg/L BA and 0.5 mg/L NAA. However, the frequency of white nodular structures and off-white calluses formation was slightly decreased with an increasing concentration of NAA up to 4 mg/L, where the frequency reached 31.7%. Most petiole explants did not form white nodular structures and off-white calluses except the combination treatment of 2 mg/L BA and 2 mg/L NAA. Upon transfer onto MS basal medium, over 90% of nodular structures gave rise to numerous bulblets and developed into plantlets. Plantlets regenerated from bulblets were transplanted to potting soil and grown to maturity at a survival rate of over 95% in a growth chamber. Therefore, the in vitro plant regeneration system of P. koreana obtained in this study will be useful for mass propagation and long-term preservation of genetic resources of P. koreana.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.207-214
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• 2003

This study was carried out to establish a novel bioassay system for screening of compounds affecting aromatic amino acid or anthocyanin biosynthesis through investigating a degree of sucrose-induced anthocyanin formation such as size of plant material, buffer conditions, light intensity and irradiated duration, incubation temp., etc were determined and standard procedure (suitable experimental condition) was set up as follows. The second leaf blade of white corn seeding induced by fluridone treatment were segmented into a size of 5${\times}$5 min. The segments were floated on the solution of 1% sucrose in 1.0mM MES buffer (pH6.0∼6.5) and incubated at 26$^{\circ}C$ for 2days under the continuous light condition(70∼100$\mu$mol m$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ ). Anthocyanin in the purpled tissues was extracted with methanol containing 1% HCl and the optical density of the clear supematants was determined at 528mm. Influences of some chemicals were tested using this system. Glyphosate, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase inhibitor, showed most sensitive response with I$_{50}$ value at 3.3$\mu$M. Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide(DCCD) and parachloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid(PCMBS) had a relatively strong ingibition with I50 value at 7.1$\mu$M and 10.2$\mu$M, respectively. These results show that sucrose-induced anthocyanin formation in white com leaf segment provide a very simple and rapid system for searching new compounds affecting aromatic amino acid or anteocyanin biosynthesis by screening at less than 10$\mu$M.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.191-197
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• 2009

Four-leaf white clover is not found easily in nature due to its low appearance rate (1 in 10,000). Because people believe that it brings good luck and like to either keep it or present it to a loved one, it has commercial and ornamental value. To breed four-leaf clover, we exposed its flowers to ${\gamma}-rays$ at the pollination stage. The $M_1$ seeds produced following doses at 25-100 Gy showed an approximately 74% germination rate, with seedling survival at 46%. In the $M_1$ generation of plants irradiated within that dose range, we found an increased frequency of four leaflets. One of them, Jeju Lucky-1 (JL-1), had a frequency of about 60%. To see whether that mutation was somaclonal or genetic, we observed its $M_2$ generation and found that such a phenotype reappeared. Although our results demonstrated that the irradiation of fully mature flowers led to a higher frequency of 4-leaflets, we could not clearly explain the genetic mechanism involved. We suggest that JL-1 is valuable as a new variety, without further genetic fixation, because white clover can be propagated vegetatively by stolons.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.04a
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• pp.52-52
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• 2019

Buckwheat is well-known crop for containing a high contents of flavonoids that are effective in vascular disease. The current study was performed to estimate the influence of morphological characterization of Fagopyrum esculentum (ES) germplasm for seed's two major flavonoids contents: rutin and quercetin. We found that the red stem color, pale green leaf color, arrowhead leaf shape, white flower color, pale brown seed coat color, and egg-shaped seed were significantly associated with 77%, 56.7%, 83.7%, 98.7%, 70.8% and 74.5% germplasm, respectively. Overall, the rutin contents of ES germplasm ranged from 0.30 to 47.86 mg/100g dry weight (DW) and the quercetin contents ranged from 0 to 1.22 mg/100g DW. The rutin contents of germplasm possessing red stem color, pale green leaf color, arrowhead leaves, white flower color, pale brown seed coat color and egg-shaped seed ranged from 7.22 to 47.86 mg/100g DW. However, the quercetin contents of germplasm with red stem color and pale brown seed coat color ranged from 0 to 1.15 mg/100g DW, with pale green leaves ranged from 0 to 0.96 mg/100g, with arrowhead leaves and white flower ranged from 0 to 1.22 mg/100g and with egg-shaped seed ranged from 0.32 to 1.22 mg/100g DW. In PCA analysis, the first three principal components (PCs) showed Eigen value more than 1 and accounted for 51.70% of variation. For both higher contents of rutin and quercetin, the morphological evaluation in ES shows a tendency of red stem color, arrowhead leaves, pale green leaf color, white flower color, pale brown seed coat color and egg-shaped seed. From this information, we can assume the rutin and quercetin contents by the morphological characteristics of the germplasm. And It could be useful in improving the rutin and quercetin contents and selecting proper resources for cultivation in existing buckwheat cultivars.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.60-66
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• 2022

This study was conducted to investigate growth characteristics of paprika seedlings according to various qualities of LED light (red : blue = 10 : 0, red : blue = 8 : 2, red : blue = 2 : 8, white). Plant height and stem were significantly longer or thicker as red light ratio increased. Leaf area of paprika seedlings with red light was larger or no significant differences in a mixed light of red and blue. Dry weight of seedling was in the same with the result of leaf area. Seedlings with White light was significantly less than others in all characteristics. As red light ratio was increased, relative growth rate increased. As blue light ratio was increased, the net assimilation amount increased. Considering plant height, leaf area and production ability of dry matter per unit leaf area, the using mixed red and blue lights was suitable, especially at a mixed red : blue = 8 : 2.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.264-273
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• 1992

Availability of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) has been limited due to its poor introduction to swards and lack of persistence under improper grazing management. This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of initial defoliation stage and defoliation interval on the growth of white clover varieties. Individual plants of Regal (large leaf), Louisiana S.1 (medium-large leaf), Grasslands Huia (medium-small leaf) and S184 (small leaf) were grown in containers (4.5 $\times$ 13.5 cm) containing a 1:2:1 soil:sand:Promix until reaching to the stage of 1, 4, or 8 trifoliolates, and then clipped to remove all fully expanded leaves every 7 or 28 days (d). For analysis of morphological parameters, plants were sampled on the final harvest date (0 d), and 7, 14, 21, and 28 d after the final harvest date. Harvested dry weight (dw) of all varieties declined as defoliation interval declined or initial defoliation was made earlier. That of Regal was the highest as initial defoliation was delayed. On the 7 d regrowth shoot and root dw were increased as initial defoliation was delayed or interval lengthened, whereas on the 28 d regrowth the trend was alleviated. Root dw and biomass of Regal were higher than the other varieties during the whole regrowing period, when the increase of biomass resulted from that of shoot dw. Leaf areas and petiole lengths of all varieties declined under 7 d defoliation interval. The area and the length declined with earlier initial defoliation on the 7 d regrowth but not on the 28 d regrowth. Stolon length and growing tips of S184 were the highest and increased more steeply during regrowth, while those of Regal were the lowest and did slightly. It is concluded that the continuous defoliation and the first defoliation at earlier growth stage have detrimental effects on growth of white clover, although larger leaf types are more productive but less persistent in a sward than smaller leaf types.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.199-202
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• 1991

The esterase isozyme of several legume plants were separated and visualized by horizontal starch gel electrophoresis using enzyme-specific staining. Extracts used were prepared from fully expanded young leaf and stem of six legume species which were red clover(Trifolium Pretense L.), ladino clover(Trifolium repense L.), wild white clover(Trifolium repense L.), alfalfa(Medicage sativa L.), mimosoides(Cassia mimosoides var nomame Makino), and amoena(Vicia amoena Fisch). The number of band, Phenotype and staining intensity of esterase isozyme in leaf and stem varies depending on the plant species. However, there are little difference between leaf and stem esterase isozyme in same species except alfalfa. And in the leaf and stem of mimosoides and amoena showed not any esterase(Fig. 2). Among the examined plants, the highest staining intensity and the rapidest migrating esterase isozyme was Est 1.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.424-428
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• 2017

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) infection of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) has been reported, but soybean (Glycine max) has not previously been identified as a TYLCV host. Five cultivars of white soybean were agro-inoculated using an infectious TYLCV clone. At 30 days post-inoculation, they showed infection rates of 25% to 100%. Typical TYLCV symptoms were not observed in any inoculated plants. To examine whether TYLCV was transmitted in soybean seeds, DNA was isolated from bundles of five randomly selected seeds from TYLCV-inoculated soybean plants and amplified with a TYLCV-specific primer set. With the exception of one bundle, all bundles of seeds were verified to be TYLCV-infected. Virus dissemination was also confirmed in three of the 14 bunches. Viral replication was also identified in seeds and seedlings. This is the first report demonstrating that soybean is a TYLCV host, and that TYLCV is a seed-transmissible virus in white soybean.