• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.238-243
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 시중에 유통되고 있는 백삼 농축액(white ginseng extract, WG), 발효인삼 농축액(fermented ginseng extract, FG), 홍삼 농축액(red ginseng extract, RG)에 대해 고형분, 점성도, 회분, 조지방, 조단백, 탄수화물, 나트륨, 열량 등을 분석하였다. 백삼 농축액, 발효인삼 농축액, 홍삼 농축액의 고형분 조사결과, 발효인삼 농축액, 백삼 농축액, 홍삼 농축액 순으로 발효인삼 농축액이 가장 높았으나, 점성도는 홍삼 농축액에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 백삼 농축액, 발효인삼 농축액, 홍삼 농축액 모두 온도를 높일수록 점성도는 떨어지는 경향을 보였으며 $40^{\circ}C$ 이상 가열 시에는 점성도의 차이가 크게 나타나지 않았다. 회분과 조단백질의 함량은 발효인삼농축액이 가장 높았으며, 조지방은 홍삼농축액에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 탄수화물 함량은 세 농축액에서 큰 차이 없이 유사한 결과를 보였으며, 나트륨 함량은 백삼농축액이 가장 높았다. 그러나 열량에 있어서는 백삼 농축액, 발효인삼 농축액, 홍삼 농축액에서 큰 차이가 없는 것으로 조사되었다. 현재 활발히 연구 중인 백삼 농축액, 발효인삼 농축액, 홍삼 농축액 각각의 이화학적 특성을 분석하여 앞으로의 연구 및 신제품 개발에 이용할 수 있는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 이를 토대로 항산화, 면역활성, 혈관이완작용에 미치는 영향을 규명하고 인삼농축액, 발효인삼농축액, 홍삼농축액의 효능 차이를 비교 평가하는 실험이 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
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• 고려인삼학회 2002년도 학술대회지
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• pp.277-287
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• 2002

The chemopreventive effects of ginseng on rat carcinogenesis models were investigated, In the present study, the inhibitory effects of white and red ginseng on tumor development were examined using medium-term liver, initiation and medium-term multi-organ carcinogenicity bioassay systems. No modifying potential of the ginsengs was evident in terms of the numbers or areas of glutathione S-transferase placental form (GST -P)-positive foci, which is a marker of preneoplastic lesion in rat livers. However, white ginseng, but not red ginseng was found to decrease the incidences of adenocarcinoma of the small intestine and colon in the medium-term multi-organ carcinogenesis model. These results indicate that white ginseng may have inhibitory effects on progression stage of rat intestinal carcinogenesis, but the influence is not strong. Ginseng is unlikely to have promoting or inhibitory effects in other organs under the present type of experimental conditions. Possible application on ginseng for chemoprevention of colon cancer in humans, can be concluded given the lack of obvious adverse effects.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.25-28
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• 1976

몇 가지 유기용매를 사용하여 인삼 추출액을 분별 분리하여 몇 개의 분칠들을 얻어서 이들이 RNA중합효소의 활동성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 백삼과 홍삼에서 모두 RNA 중합효소의 활동성에 양성적인 효과를 가진 분획들을 얻었다. 백삼의 경우 RNA 중합효소에 양성적인 효과를 미치는 성분들은 전체 메탄을 추출액 분획, 초산에틸 추 출모액 및 이 모액의 수용성 분획들에서 확인되었고 흥삼의 경우에는 전체 메탄을 추출액 분획과 에테르 분획들에서 확인되었다. 이 사실은 중합효소에 양성적인 효과를 나타내는 성분들이 무극성 및 극성 부분들로 이루어져 있으며, 그들이 홍삼의 가공과 정에서 두 부분으로 분해되었을 것이라는 것을 암시의 준다.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.78-86
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• 2015

Objectives Although ginseng has been reported to protect neuronal cells and improve various cognitive functions, relationship between ginseng supplementation and response inhibition, one of the important cognitive domains has not been explored. In addition, effects of ginseng on in vivo human brain have not been investigated using the diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). The purpose of the current study is to investigate changes in intrusion errors and white matter microstructure after Korean Red Ginseng supplementation using standardized neuropsychological tests and DTI. Methods Fifty-one healthy participants were randomly allocated to the Korean Red Ginseng (n = 26) or placebo (n = 25) groups for 8 weeks. The California Verbal Learning Test was used to assess the number of intrusion errors. Intelligence quotient (IQ) was measured with the Korean Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Depressive and anxiety symptoms were evaluated using Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, and Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. The fractional anisotropy (FA) was measured from the brain DTI data. Results After the 8-week intervention, Korean Red Ginseng supplementation significantly reduced intrusion errors after adjusting age, sex, IQ, and baseline score of the intrusion errors (p for interaction = 0.005). Change in FA values in the left anterior corona radiata was greater in the Korean Red Ginseng group compared to the placebo group (t = 4.29, p = 0.04). Conclusions Korean Red Ginseng supplementation may be efficacious for improving response inhibition and white matter microstructure integrity in the prefrontal cortex.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.204-211
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• 1994

Three unknown ninhydrin positive substances (UK-I, UK-II and UK-III) were detected with an amino acid analyzer in a water extract of Korean red ginseng. One of them (UK-II) was isolated and determined to be maltulosyl arginine (Arg-Fru-Glc) on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence. Another one (VK-III) was identified as Arg-Fru. Maltulosyl arginine, but not Arg-Fru, is a newly identified amino acid derivative. The Korean red ginseng was shown to contain more amount of maltulosyl arginine than the white ginseng. Maltulosyl arginine was found to be produced by the Mallard reaction of maltose with arginine during the heating process involved in preparation of the red ginseng. Maltulosyl arginine was found to inhibit maltase activity. Based on these results, the physiological significance of this new compound is discussed.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2015

Background: Korean ginseng is a well-known medicinal herb that has been widely used in traditional medicine to treat various diseases, including asthma. Ginseng can be classified as white ginseng (WG) or red ginseng (RG), according to processing conditions. In this study, the authors compared the efficacies of these two ginseng types in a mouse model of acute asthma. Methods: To produce the acute asthma model, BALB/c mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and aluminum hydroxide, and then challenged with OVA. WG and RG extracts were administered to mice orally. The influences of WG and RG on airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), immune cell distributions in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and OVA-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), IgG1, and IgG2a in serum were investigated. Cytokine production by lymphocytes isolated from peribronchial lymph nodes and histopathological changes was also examined. Results: In OVA-sensitized mice, both WG and RG reduced AHR and suppressed immune cell infiltration in bronchoalveolar regions. BALF OVA-specific IgE levels were significantly lower in RG-treated OVAsensitized mice than in the OVA-sensitized control group. WG and RG also suppressed inflammatory cytokine production by peribronchial lymphocytes. Histopathological findings showed reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and airway remodeling (e.g., epithelial hyperplasia) in WG- and RG-treated OVA mice compared with OVA controls. Conclusion: In this study, WG and RG showed antiasthmatic effects in an OVA-sensitized mouse model, and the efficacies of RG were found to be better than those of WG.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2008

Red ginseng is made of white ginseng through the steaming and drying procedure. In this process, the amounts of toxic elements of ginseng are decreased and those of effective components, ginsenosides are increased. In order to identify the components alteration of white ginseng by processing time, we applied HPLC-based metabolomics approach combined with the principal component analysis (PCA) multivariate analysis. White ginsengs were steamed at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 h, respectively and followed by drying process at moderate temperature. Then the steamed ginsengs and the commercial red ginsengs were analyzed by HPLC. On the basis of HPLC results, PCA multivariate analysis was applied for evaluating the quality of red ginseng, which showed the processed ginsengs are grouped by processed time because less polar ginsenosides were increased in proportion as the steaming time was increased. The purchased red ginsengs were distributed in the range of $0{\sim}1$ hour steaming time. This pilot experiment suggests that HPLC-based metabolomics approach is able to allow the quality of herbal medicines to be controlled with a simple and economic method.

• 한국독성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국독성학회 2001년도 International Symposium on Dietary and Medicinal Antimutgens and Anticarcinogens
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• pp.17-18
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• 2001

Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer has been the most highly recognized medicinal herb in the Orient. The prolonged administration of red ginseng extract significantly inhibited the incidence of hepatoma and also proliferation of pulmonary tumors induced by aflatoxin B$_1$and urethane. Statistically significant anticarcinogenic effects were observed in powders and extract of 6 year-dried fresh ginseng, 5 and 6 year-white ginseng and 4, 5 and 6 year-red ginseng by 9 week medium-term anticarcinogenicity test using benzo［a］pyrene (Yun's model).(omitted)

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.96-101
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• 1998

This paper describes the determination of bulk density and the discrimination of internal structure of red ginseng by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The 102 red ginseng roots were tested for bulk density. The NMR properties measured by NMR parameters such as spin-lattice relaxation time ($T_1$) and spin-spin relaxation time ($T_2$) were determined using the low field proton NMR analyzer. Bulk density of red ginseng root showed a highly negative significant correlation (r=-0.8934) with the value of $T_1$, but a highly positive significant correlation (r=0.7672 and 0.5909) with the value of T21 (short T2) and T22 (long T2), respectively. Multiple regression equation, Y=-0.0069.$T_1$+0.3044.$T_{21}$-0.0156.$T_{22}$-0.6368, using the MNR parameter values of 80 red ginseng roots can effectively predict the bulk density of 22 red ginseng roots with the correlation coefficient of 0.9396 and the standard error of 0.086. The differences in the internal structure of normal and inside white part of red ginseng were easily found by the signal intensity of NMR image based on magnetic properties of proton nucleus.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.561-564
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• 2009

A high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed for determination of 11 ginsenosides in black ginseng (BG, white ginseng that is subjected to 9 cycles of $95^{\circ}C$ for 3 hr). After eluted by gradient elution of water-acetonitrile without buffer in 70 min, 11 ginsenosides in BG were identified. The proposed method provided good linearity ($R^2$>0.9995), accuracy (92.2-106.6%), and intra- and interday precision (RSD<2.6%). In addition, ginsenosides compositions in white, red, and black ginsengs were investigated using this method, respectively. Interestingly, in BG, the content of ginsenoside $Rg_3$ which does not existed in white ginseng was 7.51 mg/g, approximately 20 times than that in red ginseng.