• 제목/요약/키워드: wheat straw

검색결과 233건 처리시간 0.041초

Utilization of Fungal Treated Wheat Straw in the Diet of Late Lactating Cow

  • Fazaeli, H.;Mahmodzadeh, H.;Jelan, Z.A.;Rouzbehan, Y.;Liang, J.B.;Azizi, A.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제17권4호
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    • pp.467-472
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    • 2004
  • Eight primiparous Holstein cows, in late lactation (255$\pm$10 days in milk) and yielding 10.3$\pm$1.3 kg/d of 4% fat corrected milk (FCM) were allocated into two groups randomly. Two diets containing 30% wheat straw either untreated (UWS) or treated with Pleurotus ostreatus (FTWS) were offered as total mixed ration (TMR). In vivo digestibility of the diets was determined, using acid insoluble ash as a marker. Daily milk production was recorded and milk samples were collected and analysed. Diet FTWS resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher dry matter intake (DMI) (12.2$\pm$0.86 vs. 10.6$\pm$1.3), DM digestibility (58.8 vs. 52.3) and milk yield (9 vs. 7.5 kg). Milk fat contents were 34.2 and 35.6 g/liter that did not differ between cows fed treated or untreated straw. However, the concentrations of lactose, solid non fat, total solids and milk protein for diets UWS and FTWS were 57.3 and 54.9, 98.9 and 93.2, 134.5 and 127.4, 35.7 and 32.3 g/l, respectively, which differed significantly (p<0.05). The average body weights gain (BWG) for UWS and FTWS were 272 and 743 g/d, respectively (p<0.05). The FCM yield per kg of DMI was similar (0.68 and 0.67 liter) for the two groups, but BWG/kgDMI was higher in the FTWS diet.

Effect of Feeding Ammoniated Wheat Straw Treated with Hydrochloric Acid on Blood Biochemical Profile in Growing Male Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Calves

  • Naik, P.K.;Mehra, Usha R.;Kalicharan, Kalicharan;Varshney, V.P.;Dass, R.S.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제18권2호
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    • pp.185-191
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    • 2005
  • An experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding ammoniated wheat straw treated with HCl on blood biochemical profiles in growing male buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves. Twenty-four growing male buffalo calves (one year of age, 88.54${\pm}$3.81 kg average body weight) were divided into three groups in a completely randomized design on the basis of their body weight. Animals in all the three groups were fed on concentrate mixture. In addition, they were offered wheat straw, ammoniated wheat straw (4% urea at 50% moisture level) and HCI treated ammoniated wheat straw (4% urea at 50% moisture level and HCl added to trap 30% of the NH3 evolved) in groups I, II and III, respectively for a period of 180 days, as per Kearl (1982) for body weight gain of 500 g/d. In all diets, concentrate:roughage ratio was fixed at 50:50 and were made isonitrogenous by adjusting CP levels of conc. mixtures. Blood was collected from jugular vein of each buffalo calf at the beginning and subsequently at two months interval of experimental feeding. Due to urea-ammoniation, the CP content of wheat straw increased from 2.90 to 6.96% and addition of HCl along with urea further increased the CP content to 10.09%. In all the three groups, the mean values of plasma glucose (mg %) and serum globulin (g %), showed a decreasing trend, while the mean value of serum TP (g %), serum A:G ratio, serum urea (mg %), serum creatinine (mg %), serum ALP (KA units), SGOT (units/ml.), SGPT (units/ml), serum T$_3$ and T$_4$ (ng/ml) showed an increasing trend with the advancement of feeding period. The cumulative period mean values of serum TP (6.15 to 6.20 g %), serum albumin (3.07 to 3.18, g %), serum globulin (2.98 to 3.09, g %), serum A:G ratio (1.03 to 1.10), serum ALP (23.15 to 23.63, KA units), serum T$_3$ (1.20 to 1.23 ng/ml) and serum T$_4$ (21.33 to 21.88 ng/ml) were comparable among the groups. The cumulative period mean plasma glucose (mg %) in group III (57.28) was similar to groups I (55.31) and II (59.41), however, the cumulative period mean plasma glucose in group II was significantly (p<0.01) higher than group I. The cumulative period mean serum urea (mg %) in group III (47.34) was significantly (p<0.001) higher than group I (38.38) and II (42.24), which were statistically alike. However, the cumulative period mean serum creatinine values (mg %) in groups II (1.43) and III (1.52) were similar and were significantly (p<0.01) higher than group I (1.24). The cumulative period mean SGOT (units/ml) in groups I, II and III was 91.71, 96.04 and 96.64, respectively. Similarly the cumulative period mean SGPT (units/ml) was 19.00, 19.93 and 20.01 in groups I, II and III, respectively. The cumulative period mean values of SGOT (p<0.05) and SGPT (p<0.001) in groups II and III were similar and were significantly higher than group I. The cumulative period mean serum T$_3$ and T$_4$ values in groups I (1.21 and 21.81), II (1.23 and 21.42) and III (1.20 and 21.33) were comparable. From the present study it may be concluded that feeding of AWS treated with and without HCI to growing male buffalo calves for 180 days had no significant adverse effect on blood biochemical profile.

Effect of Feeding Different Ratios of Green Fodder and Straw Supplemented with Wheat Bran on the Performance of Male Crossbred Calves

  • Sahoo, A.;Chaudhary, L.C.;Agarwal, N.;Kamra, D.N.;Pathak, N.N.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제13권1호
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    • pp.19-22
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    • 2000
  • Twenty male crossbred calves of about one year of age (average body weight, 196 kg) were distributed in four equal groups following complete randomized design. Wheat bran was supplemented to four different combinations of wheat straw and green fodder (Sorghum vulgare) at 40:60, 30:70, 20:80 and 10:90 ratios (on as fed basis) for the feeding of animals in Group 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The feeding trial was continued for a period of 70 days including one metabolism trial of 6 days collection of feed, faeces and urine sample to determine the intake and utilization of nutrients. The intakes (g/kg $W^{0.75}$) of DM, TDN and CP were $93.0{\pm}1.8$, $55.5{\pm}1.1$ and $9.51{\pm}0.18$ in Group 1; $98.0{\pm}1.8$, $59.6{\pm}1.1$ and $10.33{\pm}0.19$ in Group 2; $98.1{\pm}2.4$, $60.5{\pm}1.5$ and $10.79{\pm}0.26$ in Group 3; and $97.7{\pm}1.7$, $59.1{\pm}1.0$ and $10.78{\pm}0.19$ in Group 4, respectively. The digestibility of nutrients did not differ significantly among the groups. Relatively higher nutrient intake and balances of nitrogen reflected non-significantly high her live weight gain in the later three groups (436, 439 and 464 g, respectively) as compared to Group 1 (400 g). The DM intake remained unchanged by increasing the proportion of green fodder beyond 20:80 ratio and thus was assessed to be satisfactory for optimum productivity in animals.

토양(土壤)개량(改良)이 Fusarium solani 에 의한 인삼근부병과(人蔘根腐病)과 미생물(微生物) 변동(變動)에 미치는 효과(效果) (Effects of Amendments on Ginseng Root Rot Caused by Fusarium solani Population Changes of the Microorganisms in Soil)

  • 손서규;신현성;이민웅
    • 한국균학회지
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    • 제13권1호
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    • pp.41-47
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    • 1985
  • 18종(種)의 식물질(植物質)을 토양(土壤)에 첨가(添加)하여 개량(改良)한 토양(土壤)에 인삼근부병원(人蔘根腐病原)에 하나인 Fusarium solani의 후막포수(厚膜胞數)$5{\times}10^3\;Cells/g\;soil)$를 접종(接種)하고 여기에 지표(指標)가 되는 식물(植物) 로 완두(Pisium sativa L.)를 심어 이병성(罹病性) 정도(程度)에 의하여 개량효과를(改良效果) 조사하고 또한 개량물질(改良物質)의 처리(處理) 전(前)과 후(後)의 토양내(土壤內)의 미생물분포(微生物分布)의 변동(變動)을 비교(比較)하였다. 식물질(植物質)로 개량(改良)한 토양처리구(土壤處理區)에서 분쇄밀처리구에서는 대조구(對照區) 이상으로 이병성( 罹病性)이 높았고, 다음이 고구마 줄기, 배추, 인삼잎 및 콩깍지의 순이였다. 반면 마늘 뿌리를 처리한 토양에서는 이병률(罹病率)이 가장 낮아 효과적(效果的) 인 개량물질(改良物質)이었고, 다음에 파, 양배추, 들깨대, 밀짚, 보리짚등에서도 이병률(罹病率)이 감소(減少)하였다. 총균수(總菌數)는 파, 콩, 분쇄밀, 옥수수대, 배추등에서 다수(多數)하였고, 반면 밀짚, 마늘뿌리, 양배추, 보리짚 등의 처리구에서는 감소하였다. 세균수(細菌數)는 콩, 양배추, 무우줄기, 파, 분쇄밀처리구에서는 증가(增加)되었으나 보리, 담배뿌리, 인삼대, 밀짚등에서는 감소(減少)하는 경향을 나타냈다. 방선균(放線菌)의 분포(分布)는 콩처리구에서만 증가(增加)하였으나 기타는 대조구(對照區) 보다 감소(減少)하고 담배뿌리와 마늘대에서는 그 수(數)가 감소(減少)되었다. Fusarium spp의 분포수(分布數)는 배추, 파, 무우줄기, 분쇄밀, 고구마줄기 등의 처리구에서는 증가(增加)하고 반대로 밀짚, 인삼잎, 양배추등의 처리구는 대조구(對照區) 보다 감소(減少)하였다.

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ON FARM DEMONSTRATION OF VARIOUS STORAGE METHODS FOR UREA TREATED WHEAT STRAW

  • Khan, A.G.;Ullah, W.;Azim, A.;Ali, A.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제9권3호
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    • pp.281-285
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    • 1996
  • On farm demonstration of urea treatment (5 kg urea dissolved in 60 litre water/100kg) of straw was performed at 6 different sites and treated straw was stored by three different methods i.e., plastic covered, mud plastered and existing farmers technique (mud plastered on the top and open from sides) to determine the best storage method in field. Untreated and treated samples were taken after 5 week storage period and subjected to crude protein, crude fibre and cell wall constituents analysis. In situ dry matter digestibility of straw was measured by nylon bag technique in buffalo bulls. Crude protein content increased by 100 to 153 percent in treated straw stored by different methods. Maximum increase in crude protein of treated straw was noticed in mud plastered method. Urea treatment of straw resulted in significant decrease in crude fibre contents in all the storage methods. Treatment of straw enhanced the in situ digestibility by 25-49 percent and maximum digestibility (53%) was found in mud plastered storage method. It was concluded that the mud plastered storage method for urea treated straw was found to be the best at farm level.

EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTARY UREA, GLUCOSE AND MINERALS ON THE IN VITRO DEGRADATION OF LOW QUALITY FEEDS

  • Oosting, S.J.;Verdonk, J.M.H.J.;Spinhoven, G.G.B.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제2권4호
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    • pp.583-590
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    • 1989
  • Increasing levels of ammonia-N in the rumen fluid used for in vitro incubation were achieved by supplementation of the ration of the donor cows with urea and by addition of urea either with or without glucose to the rumen fluid after collection. The ration of the donor animals consisted of wheat straw (80%) and maize silage (20%). During the second half of the experiment the basal ration was supplemented with a mineral mixture. Wheat straw, Guinea grass and two rice straw varieties were incubated with the various kinds of rumen fluid. Parameters studied were: solubility, apparent organic matter disappearance after 48 hours of incubation ($OMD_{48}$), rate of organic matter degradation from 0 to 24 hours of incubation ($k_1$) and from 24 to 95 hours ($k_2$). The concentration of ammonia-N in the rumen fluid at which 95% of the maximal $OMD_{48}$ and k1 were reached (88.2 and 100.0 mg/l) were independent of the feed. With regard to the $k_2$ the required ammonia-N concentration to reach 95% of the maximal $k_2$ differed per feed. Mineral supplementation increased the OMD48 and $k_1$, but not the solubility and $k_2$. Glucose addition in combination with urea had no beneficial effect compared to urea supplementation alone.

Cellulase를 생산하는 Bacillus sp. 79-23 분리와 효소 생산성

  • 윤기홍;정경화;박승환
    • 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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    • 제25권6호
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    • pp.546-551
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    • 1997
  • A bacterium producing the extracellular cellulases was isolated from soil and has been identified as Bacillus sp. The isolate, named Bacillus sp. 79-23, was shown to be very similar to B. subtilis on the basis of its biochemical properties. The carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) of culture supernatant was most active at 60$\circ$C and pH 6.0, and retained 90% of its maximum activity at pH 7.0. The additional carbon sources affected the CMCase productivity than nitrogen sources in the culture medium. The carbon sources including wheat bran, rice straw, maltose and glucose increased the enzyme productivty. Especially, the maximum CMCase production was 5.2 units/ml in LB medium supplemented with 3% (w/v) wheat bran, which was 13-folds more than that in LB medium. It was found that the enzyme production was in association with the growth of Bacillius sp. 79-23. But, whean bran did not affect the growth of isolate, suggesting that increasement of CMCase production was owing to the induction of CMCase biosynthesis by wheat bran. In addition, both water-soluble and insoluble components of wheat bran was involved in induction of CMCase biosynthesis.

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Influence of Corn Steep Liquor on Feeding Value of Urea Treated Wheat Straw in Buffaloes Fed at Restricted Diets

  • Mahr-un-Nisa, Mahr-un-Nisa;Khan, M. Ajmal;Sarwar, M.;Lee, W.S.;Lee, H.J.;Ki, K.S.;Ahn, B.S.;Kim, H.S.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제19권11호
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    • pp.1610-1616
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    • 2006
  • Influence of different levels of corn steep liquor (CSL) on chemical composition of urea treated wheat straw (UTWS), ruminal characteristics, digestion kinetics, nitrogen (N) utilization, and nutrient digestibility by ruminally-cannulated buffalo bulls was studied in a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square Design. The CSL was used to ensile 5% UTWS at the rate of 0, 3, 6, and 9% on a dry matter (DM) basis. Total N and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were increased with increasing level of CSL. Increased NDF content was attributable to increased neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen. Four diets were formulated to contain 20% concentrate and 80% UTWS ensiled with 0, (control), 3 (CSL3), 6 (CSL6), and 9% CSL (CSL9). All diets were mixed daily and fed at 1.5% of body weight twice daily. Ruminal NH3 concentration decreased with level of CSL used to ensile UTWS at 3 and 6 h post prandial, however, at 9 h post parandial it was similar across all diets and at 12 h post prandial was higher with diets containing UTWS ensiled with CSL. Concentrations of total ruminal volatile fatty acid and acetate were increased with the CSL level used to ensile UTWS. Increased rate of disappearance and reduction in lag time of DM and NDF was recorded with diets containing UTWS ensiled with CSL. Dry matter and NDF digestibilities were higher with CSL diets than on the control diet. Buffalo bulls retained more N with diets containing UTWS ensiled with CSL. The present results indicated that UTWS could be ensiled with CSL to improve its nutritive value and N utilization by ruminants.

Nutritive Value of Urea Treated Wheat Straw Ensiled with or without Corn Steep Liquor for Lactating Nili-ravi Buffaloes

  • Nisa, Mahr-un;Sarwar, M.;Khan, M. Ajmal
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제17권6호
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    • pp.825-829
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    • 2004
  • Influence of different levels of corn steep liquor (CSL) on chemical composition of urea treated wheat straw (UTWS) and its dietary effect on nutrient intake, digestibility, milk yield and its composition were studied. The 5% UTWS was ensiled with 0, 3, 6 and 9% CSL on dry matter (DM) basis. Total nitrogen and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) contents of UTWS ensiled with 0, 3, 6 and 9% CSL increased linearly with the increasing level of CSL. Increase in NDF content was due to increased neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen contents. Four experimental diets were formulated to contain 35% UTWS ensiled without CSL (control), 45 (WS45), 55 (WS55) and 65% (WS65) UTWS ensiled with 9% CSL, respectively. Dry matter, NDF and acid detergent fiber (ADF) intakes by lactating buffaloes fed diets containing varying levels of UTWS ensiled with or without CSL remained similar across all treatments. However, DM, NDF and ADF intakes as a percent of body weight and digestible DM, NDF and ADF intakes were higher in animals fed WS65 diet compared to those fed other diets. Apparent DM, crude protein (CP), NDF and ADF digestibilities were higher in diets containing UTWS ensiled with CSL compared to control. These differences may be attributed to higher rates of degradability of UTWS ensiled with 9% CSL than that ensiled without CSL. The 4% fat corrected milk and CP were statistically higher with WS65 diet compared to other diets. Percent milk fat, solid not fat and total solid remained unchanged across all treatments.