• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.62-74
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• 2015

Urban areas are variously under threat including deterioration of ecological functions. Many pond wetland types have been created as part of an effort to improve and restore this urban environment. This study was arranged to examine improvement plans of wetlands in urban areas by analyzing semi-natural wetlands in farm areas. As for environment for water quality, it suggested the inflow of natural water neighboring rivers or the direct inflow of rain as the improvement plans. The result which analyzed soil pH, OM, and T-N content of the soil environment mentioned that urban areas supplied artificial sluices, removed apoptotic bodies, and used artificial soil and waterproofing materials and use of natural materials in design and construction, the sluice state of the natural form, and negligence of autumn plants were suggested as the improvement plans. Florae appeared in the subject sites of the study have found that there are 35 families 69 species in urban areas and 53 families 142 species in rural areas. As the average has found that there are 18.5 families 29.3 species in 4 urban areas and 26.3 families 53.5 species in 4 rural areas, the big difference between them was analyzed. As the cause has found that there are differences in yearly plants in farming areas when compared to urban areas, creation of various basic environments including soil and water quality was suggested to make yearly plants settle down widely. Naturalized plants have found that there are no big differences between urban areas and rural areas. However, the average of the naturalized ratio in urban areas is 17.4% as the naturalized plants are about 1/4 of the appeared plants. As it was analyzed to be higher than 7.7%, the average of the naturalized ratio in farming areas as the big difference, creation of various inhabiting environments was suggested to make more yearly plants appear like the analyzed result of the life type. Consideration of placement, materials, and inhabiting environments was suggested to make creation of wetlands well appreciated to improve functions of wetlands in urban areas. It is expected that the above results of the study will be utilized in creation and improvement of the pond wetlands which can play a huge role in increase and improvement of biological diversity in urban areas.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.313-321
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• 2020

ACF preparation from different materials and its application in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment has been focused in environmental field. Different materials have been used to prepare ACF around the world. This study aims to prepare, characterize and use of ACF from loofah for removal of Tetracycline from water through composite vertical flow constructed wetlands. ACF was prepared and it was tested for characterization, later it was used for removal of Tetracycline from water through composite vertical flow constructed wetlands. In composite vertical flow constructed wetlands, three HRTs were set according to the experiment, 1D, 2D, and 3D is individually. Samples were transported immediately from collection point to laboratory for analyzing. Samples were measured for Tetracycline (TC), Total Phosphorus (TP), and Total nitrogen and COD. Tetracycline absorbance with respective 356nm was obtained good and HRT is important factor. Results show that composite vertical flow constructed wetlands with ACF from luffa is best option and it is recommended to study further deep analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.43-61
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• 2017

The wetlands are facing environmental changes such as desiccation that occurs with the passage of time and reduced ecosystem services from wetlands in the city. In order to maintain the ecosystem services provided by wetlands in urban areas, a system thinking about the trade-off phenomenon of ecosystem services occurring as the wetlands undergo environmental changes is needed. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop strategies for wetland design using system thinking approach to enhance the resilience of ecosystem services degraded by the desiccation of wetlands and other disturbances. The objectives of this study include the system boundary and variables. Second, analyzing the dynamics of wetland design strategy. Third, it analyzes the trade-off phenomenon of ecosystem services in terms of the hydrology, hydric soil, and plants strategies to mitigate these effects. Fourth, wetland basic design to improve the resilience of ecosystem services. A wetland in Abuk-Mountain Neighborhood Park, Miryang-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, has been selected as a case study. Causal loop diagrams(CLDs) are used to analyze feedback in the wetland regime. In summary, hydrology, hydric soil, and plants is suggested as system boundaries to design plan. Design strategies for the wetland focused on robustness, redundancy, rapidity, and resourcefulness as a result of CLD analysis are first proposed in order to effectively maintain the wetland regime over the long term. Secondly, in a section related to hydrology, the CLD results show the trade-offs between provisioning-cultural services and regulating services. In order to control these services, a "water cycling system" has been implemented due to its strength in terms of robustness. The CLDs for hydric soil showed the trade-offs between regulating services and supporting services. An "installation of storm drainage for maintaining water levels" was selected due to the strength offered in terms of redundancy and rapidity. The CLDs for plants showed the trade-offs between provisioning - cultural services and regulating services. In order to control the strategic points, the "planting of indigenous vegetation" was suggested given the strength in terms of redundancy. In this study, a wetland design method is proposed that can improve the resilience of wetland ecosystem services by analyzing the dynamics overtime. The results of this research can theoretically be applied to help restore ecosystem services in wetlands using ecological landscape design. In addition, this study will contribute to reducing maintenance costs by improving wetland resilience.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.92-113
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• 2024

The Purpose of this study were to present the basic data for conservation and management of wetland ecosystem by surveying the characteristics of vascular plants distributed in Hwapocheon wetland protected area. The results are as follows. The numbers of vascular plants were summrized as 339 taxa including 81 familices, 221 genera, 315 species, 9 subspecies and 12 varieties and 2 forms. The rare plants were 7 taxa including Aristolochia contorta, Hydrocharis dubia and so on. The floristic target species were 32 taxa including 17 taxa of grade I, 7 taxa of grade II, 4 taxa of grade III, 2 taxa of grade IV and 2 taxa of grade V. The invasive alien plants were 66 Rumex crispus, Oenothera biennis, Veronica arvensis and so on. The ecosystem disturbing species were 11 taxa including Humulus scandens, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida, Lactuca seriola, Symphyotrichum pilosum and so on. The hydrophytes were 29 taxa including 16 taxa of emergent plants, 3 taxa of submerged plants, 4 taxon of free-floating plant 6 taxa of floation-leaved plants.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.30-40
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• 2009

Employing the Numata-type life form, the paper analyzed changes of plants for 4 years at the Human-made Wetlands along Boknaecheon of Juam Lake since its creation. The number of the species planted at the Human-made Wetlands along Boknaecheon of Juam Lake, which was completed in December 2002, were 15 in total including, 10 families, 13 genera, 12 species and 3 varieties. As for the three-featured life forms of the planted species, there were 6 perennial hydatophytes, recording the biggest number of species in dormancy form; species each of $R_5$, $R_3$, $R_{2-3}$ respectively in radicoid from; 20 species of geomantic dissenminule form ($D_1$) in disseminule form and erecred type(e) existed the most in growth form. With regard to the 3 features of life form identified during the final year of the monitoring that lasted 5 years after the completion of the Wetlands, the number of species and individuals was found to have increased but there was no significant change of tendency as against the composition ration(%) of life form. There were 43 species of therophytes (Th) that covered 24.29% in dormancy form, while $R_5$ was prevalent in radicoid form and $D_4$, $D_1$, and $D_{1,4}$ comprosed 77.39% of the whole disseminule form. Growth form was surveyed in the order of erected type (e), bunch type (t), temporal rosette type (pr), branch type (b) and straight rosette type (ps) and these species comprised 64.97% of the whole flora. Consequently, in case of the artificial wetlands along the Boknaecheon of Juam Lake, it turned out that the vegetation type in which pioneer species of succession, or gradually stabilized perennial vegetation favoring Wetlands because the higher dormancy form has its perennial plants' composition ratio getting, the more its succession is progressing. Even though single grained plants ($R_5$) belonging to radicoid in breeding form, succession is predicted to take place considering the fact that they actually belong to ~ plants like Phragmites japonica that form a connection on the surface of the earth. In addition, it is judged that geomantic disseminule form ($D_1$) conveyed by water and gravitational disseminule form favored by the development of waterside woody plants ($D_4$) seem to be better fit to this area in desseminule form. As for growth form, bunch type (t) is judged to become prevalent on the Wetlands while a good variety of phanerophytes will coexist on the earth due to artificial as well as natural disturbances.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.289-300
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• 2013

In this study, two types of wetland plants, Eichhornia crassipes (a floating plant) and Ceratophyllum demersum (a submerged plant) were introduced to wetland mesocosms to understand how the water properties of wetlands such as pH, dissolved oxygen content, water temperature, oxidation reduction potential, and nutrient concentrations are affected by different types of wetland plant. The floating plant lives on the water surface and can block light penetration; it exhibited the lowest water temperature and temperature difference between lower and upper layers. After the addition of contaminants, the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration decreased abruptly but recovered continuously in all mesocosms; especially the submerged plants, which photosynthesize in water, showed the largest increases in DO and diel periodicity DO, as well as in pH value. The oxidation-reduction potential in both water and sediment were affected by the presence of wetland plants and plant type and the results suggest that various aspects of wetland biogeochemistry are affected by the presence and type of wetland plants. The total nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations in water decreased in the following order: Water only < Water + Soil < Floating Plants < Submerged Plants. Although both floating and submerged plants can control algal concentrations, the effect was more prominent for floating plants.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.461-468
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• 2019

Background: This study aimed to identify NO₃^--N sources using the stable isotope δ¹⁵N in Chydorus sphaericus (OF Müller), to investigate hydrological characteristics and nutrient states in artificial wetlands near the Nakdong River. Chydorus sphaericus is dominant in wetlands where aquatic plants are abundant, occurring in high density, and is sensitive to wetland water pollution, making it suitable for identification of NO₃^--N sources. Results: NO₃^--N sources for each wetland were strongly dependent on hydrological characteristics. Wetlands with sewage or rainfall/groundwater as their main sources had high levels of NO₃^--N, whereas wetlands with surface water as their main input had comparatively lower levels. Since wetlands with sewage and rainfall/groundwater as their main water sources were mostly detention ponds, their inputs from tributaries or the main river stream were limited and nutrients such as NO₃^--N easily become concentrated. Changes in NO₃^--N levels at each wetland were closely associated with δ¹⁵N of C. sphaericus. Interestingly, regression analysis also showed positive correlation between δ¹⁵N of C. sphaericus and NO₃^--N level. Conclusions: We conclude that the nitrate stable isotope (δ¹⁵N) of C. sphaericus can be used to elucidate the hydrological characteristics of riverine wetlands. This information is important for maintenance and conservation of artificial wetlands at the Nakdong River.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.134-167
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• 2022

This study conducted monitoring of flora and vegetation in order to utilize basic data for forest wetland conservation targeting outstanding forest wetlands located in the eastern part of Jeonnam Province. The survey was carried out for a total of 54 times from May 2020 to October 2020, 1-2 times each for each season. The vascular plants of outstanding forest wetland in eastern Jeollanam-do were 93 families, 251 genera, 336 species, 5 subspecies, 47 varieties, 7 forma, and a total of 395 taxa. This was about 8.5% of 4,641 species of vascular plants in Korea Peninsula. A total of 8 taxa and 12 taxa were identified Korea endemic plants and rare plants respectively. A total of 68 taxa and 19 taxa of floristic target plants and invasive alien plants were classified each. the naturalized Index was 4.83% and the urbanized Index was 5.90%. As a result of the analysis by wetland type of the forest wetlands, obligate upland plants were the highest in the forest wetlands in the eastern Jeonnam province (61.4%), with unclassified wetland plants 19.1%, facultative wetland plants 8.2%, and obligate wetland plants 4.6%, facultative upland plants 4.5%, and facultative plants 2.3% were confirmed in the order.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.47-60
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• 2007

The rapid development of economy in China at the expense of consuming huge amount of energy and resources, water resource in particular, which has resulted in the production and discharge of increasing amount of wastewater to the water environment. In order to effectively control the increasing water pollution trend, the State Council has stipulated that all the cities with population over 500,000 should reach wastewater treatment rate of 60% by 2005, and all the cities should reach the rate of 60% by 2010, of which Capital Beijing and all the province capital cities and important tourism cities should reach 70% then. By the end of 2005, of the 661 cities in China, 393 have built and operated municipal wastewater treatments with a total number of 790 sets, total treatment capacity of $80.91{\times}106m^3/d$ and total treatment rate of > 48%. Other 73 cities have started the construction of municipal wastewater treatment plants, and other 168 cities have started to prepare, planning and design of wastewater treatment plants. Most of municipal wastewater treatment plants in big cities in China operate normally and perform well with good quality of effluent in terms of wastewater treatment train, but the sewage sludge treatment is usually poor with big problems. It has been found that the small scale WWTPs using activated sludge process in the towns are usually operated and maintained abnormally because of lack of fund, skilled operators and energy. It is therefore suggested that the small scale MWWTPs in small cities and towns adopt appropriate technologies, of which the most available ones are multi-stage ponds, constructed wetlands and the combination of them for further purification and reuse of treated wastewater.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.277-288
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• 2012

Estuary is unique habitat ground under substantial changes of water quality, river side, bed material, and micro topography. Construction of SinGok underwater weir with excessive dredging for downstream of weir has changed hydraulic conditions of Han River. This study investigates spatial changes of estuary and expansion process of vegetation on sandbar for JangHang estuary in Han River through analysis of physical and ecological characteristics. As a result of investigation, we found that area of sandbar in JangHang estuary is expanded six times compared between 1985 and 2006, and area of Phragmites australis is gradually decreased while area of Salix subfragilis Anderson. is increased. Also the analysis result of soil layer shows that the Jang-Hang wetlands are created by effect from river, and woody plants are settled from middle part of wetlands, then spread to upper and lower part of wetlands.