• Proceedings of the National Institute of Ecology of the Republic of Korea
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 2022

In this study, we investigated the water quality and fish community of the Gudam Wetland, a riverine wetland in the middle-upper reaches of the Nakdong River, during March-October 2020. The main results were as follows: average annual flow rate: 45.0±23.7 m³/s, flow velocity: 0.4±0.3 m/s, water depth: 1.4±0.4 m, water temperature: 17.5±0.8℃, pH: 7.8±0.2, electrical conductivity: 121.6±19.0 ㎲/cm, dissolved oxygen concentration: 11.4±0.9 mg/L, suspended solids concentration: 3.8±2.0 mg/L, and the water quality was classified as Ia (very good). A total of 754 individual fish belonging to 4 orders, 7 families, and 19 species were investigated. Cyprinidae was the dominant group, with 13 species. The dominant species was Zacco platypus (39.3%), followed by Pseudogobio esocinus (17.5%). There were 8 (42.1%) endemic Korean species and 1 exotic species, Micropterus salmoides. Four species were carnivores, six were insectivores, and nine were omnivores. Regarding tolerance to environmental changes, 6 species were tolerant, 11 had intermediate tolerance, and 2 were sensitive. Fish community analysis revealed dominance of 0.57, diversity of 2.04, evenness of 0.69, and richness of 2.72, indicating a diverse and stable fish community. The fish assessment index showed that the assessment class was B (average 62.5), which was higher than that of major streams of the Nakdong River (class C). For sustainable conservation of the Gudam Wetland, management strategies such as minimizing aggregate collection and preventing inflow of non-point pollutants are required.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.92-113
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• 2024

The Purpose of this study were to present the basic data for conservation and management of wetland ecosystem by surveying the characteristics of vascular plants distributed in Hwapocheon wetland protected area. The results are as follows. The numbers of vascular plants were summrized as 339 taxa including 81 familices, 221 genera, 315 species, 9 subspecies and 12 varieties and 2 forms. The rare plants were 7 taxa including Aristolochia contorta, Hydrocharis dubia and so on. The floristic target species were 32 taxa including 17 taxa of grade I, 7 taxa of grade II, 4 taxa of grade III, 2 taxa of grade IV and 2 taxa of grade V. The invasive alien plants were 66 Rumex crispus, Oenothera biennis, Veronica arvensis and so on. The ecosystem disturbing species were 11 taxa including Humulus scandens, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida, Lactuca seriola, Symphyotrichum pilosum and so on. The hydrophytes were 29 taxa including 16 taxa of emergent plants, 3 taxa of submerged plants, 4 taxon of free-floating plant 6 taxa of floation-leaved plants.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.29-44
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• 2002

Wetlands provide vital habitats for fish and wildlife while offering numerous other benefits. As in some other countries, however, Taiwan has witnessed the loss of a significant portion of its coastal wetlands due to large-scale reclamation projects along the coast. Most of the wetlands that still remain are seriously being threatened by both human activities and natural changes, such as drainage for agricultural production, filling for industrial development, discharge of wastes and drought. The administrative performance of the existing authorities and legislation in Taiwan has mostly been ineffective in protecting these precious, sensitive areas. This paper introduces the distribution of wetlands in Taiwan and highlights their invaluable functions and potential economic value. It also discussed the recent activities, both initiated by the government and the NGOs, to protect wetlands in Taiwan. Based on the above discussion, the paper identifies the wide-range of current problems related to their management and proposes the vision should have to save wetlands for the future. It argues that establishing clear policies and effective institutional mechanisms on wetland protection and conservation, classifying the wetlands for better management, and fully promoting public awareness and consciousness of the importance of the wetlands will not only be beneficial but will also address the urgent need to safeguard the wetlands in Taiwan. Additionally, the paper recognizes that international cooperation and collaboration on wetland restoration is essential and most challenging.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.93-114
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• 2002

Legal regimes of major countries actively involved in wetland programs including USA, Japan, Germany, Netherlands, and Denmark, show that these leading nations have developed their own legal regimes and policies for the conservation and restoration of wetlands since early 1990s. The main feature of their position is to preserve, create and restore wetlands, including tidal flats. However, this approach, so called 'mitigation' policy, is thus far, not a fully established policy but an evolving one. For Korea, there are only a few laws and policies which hint at the importance of creating coastal wetlands as a conservation measure, however, most of those systems only exist as vague provisions which lack any tangible and compulsory implementing procedures and technical guidelines. It seems that it is necessary to strengthen the legal measures for conserving coastal wetlands in Korea including specifying economic assessment methods and funding sources for the creation, restoration and rehabilitation of tidal flats to firmly establish a national wetland mitigation policy.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.61-73
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• 2001

This study was performed to survey the characteristics of surface water and soil in Wangdungjae wetland located at Chiri-Mountain. The results of survey summarized as follows; 1. The physico-chemical characteristics of surface water such as pH, temperature, and DO were in the range of 6.02-6.39, $13.5-24.3^{\circ}C$ and 3.81-9.97 mg/L, respectively. Also, the organic concentrations such as BOD and COD were in the range of 1.3-1.61 mg/L and 3.55-9.97 mg/L, respectively. The water quality of five different sampling sites showed the similar characteristics. 2. The physico- chemical characteristics of soil showed the different properties with the soil sampling depth. According to increasing sampling depth, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and electric conductivity (EC) increased but pH decreased. 3. The future survey and researches on surface water and soil environments are needed to preserve the Wangdungjae wetland at Chiri-mountain marsh.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.139-146
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• 2019

There is often confliction between conservation for protected ecosystem assets and development for various stakeholders at wetland protection areas. The concept of Ecosystem Services can be an alternative solution for the conflicts. This paper attempted to measure and evaluate cultural ecosystem services according to the index evaluation approach. For the evaluation, the paper suggested five indicators of ecosystem cultural services including: inspiration, landscape aesthetics, education, eco-tourism, and heritage. The developed indices of cultural services in this study can be also utilized as a policy support tool for conservation of the wetland protected areas. The result illustrates the ranking and correlation of each indicator of ecosystem cultural services and suggestions for useful means of management policy in wetland protected areas.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.157-162
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• 2004

Constructed wetlands are considered as an important tool for wastewater treatment, wastewater management and flooding control. In addition, one of the most promising technologies for application in many countries seems to be constructed wetlands, due to their properties such as utilization of natural processes, simple construction, operation and maintenance, process stability, cost effectiveness, etc. This study considered possibility of treatment of livestock wastewater using a constructed wetland. The removal efficiencies of $COD_{cr}$, TOC, TN, TP, SS, and color were 97.6%, 96.6%, 97.0%, 96.7%, 99.0%, and 85.6%, respectively. In particular, SS was completely removed. However, $Cl^{-}$ concentration of the constructed wetland effluent was higher than that in influent. In conclusion, constructed wetlands could be applied to livestock wastewater treatment if $Cl^{-}$ would be properly treated. Further, it needs time for stabilization to reduce the pollutants which were accumulated in soil.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.9
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• pp.1141-1152
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• 2013

Insect fauna were surveyed in 2011 at Ungok wetland, Obeygol, located in Gochang, Jeonbuk, Korea. In total, 149 species belonging to 11 orders and 57 families were surveyed. Among them, Lepidopterans composed 23.5% (35 species) of the total insect numbers surveyed, comprising the most abundant group, and followed by Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Odonata with a composition of 22.1% (33 species), 17.4% (26 species), and 10.1% (15 species), respectively. Bothrogonia japonica Ishihara was the most dominant species, and followed by Gastrophysa atrocyanea Motschulsky and Celastrina argiolus (Linnaeus). Phytophagous insects accounted for 60 percent of the total species. Dominance index was the highest in spring by 0.21. Diversity, richness, and evenness indices were the highest in summer by 4.07, 11.84 and 0.96, respectively. In the study area, the legally-protect species were grouped into five groups; 9 export-restricted species, 17 endemic species, 28 indicator species, 1 climate-sensitive biological indicator and 3 southern characteristic species. Additionally, twenty forest insect pest species were surveyed, belonging to 5 orders and 15 families. Therefore, it is required to conduct long-term monitoring and appropriate management based on the ecological characteristic of the habitats to continuously conserve and maintain of wetland.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.221-244
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• 2014

We suggested several implications by examining geochemical properties of sediments in Simjeok, Jangdo, and Hwaeomneup mountain wetlands which are natural preservation areas. Geochemical properties of wetland sediments show that all wetlands were included in the type of fens, but their distribution patterns were different from one another. We classified three sub-groups of sediments using the two step cluster analysis on the ratio of exchangeable cations. Wetland sediments can be grouped into Ca-dominated, Mg-dominated, and K-dominated types. Simjeok wetland have Ca-dominated sediments, while the sediments of Jangdo wetland indicate the Mg-dominated and Ca-dominated characteristics. Hwaeomneup wetland is composed of K-dominated sediment mainly. Different properties in the ratio are affected by various environmental factors such as geological, pedological, and vegetational settings. Because these geochemical properties will be affected by climate change and human impacts, these will be environmental indicator in mountain wetlands and be used in wetland management. This scheme can be used for classification of mountain wetlands. Therefore, we should work on geochemical properties of wetland sediments and classification schemes based on geochemical properties not only to widen understanding in geomorphic system or ecosystem of mountain wetlands but to conserve mountain wetlands properly.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.21-31
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• 2007

Estuarine wetland, where freshwater meets saltwater, is a transitional ecosystem that is valuable ecologically for a variety of reasons, such as feeding and breeding sites for birds, fish, and wildlife. However, research on the spatial distribution and temporal dynamics of estuarine wetlands in Korea is rare. As a fundamental basis for wetland conservation, this study quantified the wetlands in three major estuaries, and evaluated the temporal dynamics of the wetlands since the 1910s. In particular, this study classified the wetland types into mud flat, sand, and emergent-plant types, and estimated the change of each wetland type, using topographic maps produced in the 1910s, 1970s, and 2000s. The wetlands in both the Han and Youngsan River estuaries have declined since the 1910s, but the rate of wetland decline was relatively low before the 1970s, compared to that since the 1970s. The impact of human activities, such as the Youngsan Watershed Comprehensive Development Project and the construction of estuary barrages, has disrupted the estuary cycles and destroyed huge amounts of wetland in the Youngsan estuary. By contrast, estuarine wetlands have been preserved in the small Gahwa estuary, and provide a variety of habitats for plants and wildlife. A special management strategy for wetlands should be established as soon as possible.