• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.9-18
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• 2024

With the rapid development of highways and railways, series of traffic safety issues emerged because of mudstone disintegration. To research on the mechanism and further guarantee the stability and safety of transportation infrastructure built on or near mudstone formations, the mudstone disintegration test of mudstone was carried out based on mudstone and sandy mudstone. The element types, cementation characteristics and pore characteristics of the tested specimens were studied by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Image Pro Plus (IPP). The disintegration index of mudstone was approximately 1%, and even some specimens were difficult to be calculated, while the disintegration index of sandy mudstone is approximately 8.7%. According to the results, the two mudstones belong to grade II and III disintegration respectively, of which the sandy stone presents more extensive disintegration than mudstone. This phenomenon was distinguished that, the clay minerals of mudstone are approximately 25% more abundant than those of sandy mudstone, and the unit pore area is 20 ㎛² larger, which result in different microstructure and water absorption capacities. In the liquid phase, the ions in the mudstone specimens were exchanged and combined with water molecules in the environment during the whole disintegration process. This results in continuous spalling and fragmentation of clay minerals, the emergence of secondary fractures, and the deepening of primary fractures.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.435-443
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• 2016

본 논문은 국내 원전의 습식저장조에 저장 중인 경수로형 사용후핵연료를 금속겸용용기를 이용해 건식으로 운영하기 위한 운영공정을 개발하는 것이다. 국내 경수로형 원전의 사용후핵연료는 1990년대 초부터 습식으로 소내에서 운반을 한 경험은 많으나 건식으로 운전한 경험은 전혀 없는 실정이다. 이에 따라 금속겸용용기를 운영할 수 있는 세부 운영공정을 개발하였으며 주요 운영공정에서 금속겸용용기의 주요 구성품 및 사용후핵연료의 안전성이 유지됨을 확인하였다. 단기운영공정은 총 21시간 내에 이루어지도록 절차를 수립하였고 단계별로 허용운전 시간(15시간 습식공정, 3시간 배수공정, 그리고 3시간 진공공정)도 제시하였다.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.266-276
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• 2017

A life cycle impact assessment was applied in an industrial waste incineration plant to evaluate the direct and indirect environmental impacts based on toxicity and non-toxicity categories. The detailed life cycle inventory of material and energy inputs and emission outputs was compiled based on the realistic data collected from a local industrial waste incineration plant, and the Korean life cycle inventory and ecoinvent database. The functional unit was the treatment of 1 tonne of industrial waste by incineration and the system boundary included the incineration plant and landfilling of ash. The result on the variation of the impact by the unit processes showed that the direct impact was decreased by 79.3, 71.6, and 90.1% for the processes in a semi dry reactor, bag filter, and wet scrubber, respectively. Considering the final impact produced from stack, the toxicity categories comprised 91.7% of the total impact. Among the toxicity impact categories, the impact in the eco-toxicity category was most significant. A separate estimation of the impact due to direct and indirect emissions showed that the direct impact was 97.7% of the total impact. The steam recovered from the waste heat of the incineration plant resulted in a negative environmental burden.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.339-350
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• 2007

전세계 주요 원자력선진국들의 사용후핵연료 처리에 대한 기술 및 정책현황을 알아보고 향후 우리나라의 연구방향을 제시해 보았다. 재처리 정책을 가진 소위 핵연료주기 국가들은 최근 선진핵 연료주기기술에 기초한 새로운 사용후핵 연료 관리정책을 발표하였다. 그 정책은 사용후핵연료 내에 함유된 우라늄 또는 초우란 원소들을 재순환하고 고독성의 방사성 물질 및 장반감기를 가진 물질들을 소멸하거나 단반감기 원소로 변환하는데 초점을 맞추고 있다. 이러한 정책은 원자력의 자원 활용성을 높일 뿐만 아니라, 영구 처분할 고준위폐기물의 양을 감소시켜 궁극적으로 원자력의 지속가능성을 높여 준다. PUREX 방법에 기초한 습식재처리를 우선순위로 선택한 대부분의 국가들은 이 습식방법이 건식방법에 비해 실용화에 앞서 있음을 그 선택 의 근거로 든다. 그러나 습식방법은 건식에 비해 핵확산저항성 측면에서 더욱 민감하다. 왜냐하면 이 습식방법은 약간의 공정수정에 의해 순수 플루토늄을 회수 할 수 있기 때문이다. 반면에 아직까지 실용화 단계까지는 도달해 있지 않지만 고온 용융염을 사용하는 Pyroprocess와 같은 건식처리 방법은 순수한 플루토늄을 회수 할 수 없어서 핵비확산성 측면에서 유리하며, 제4세대 원자로로 고려되는 고속로의 핵연료주기 등에도 여러 가지 이점을 가지고 있다. 따라서 우리나라의 경우 현재 이 Pyroprocess에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2004

This study intends to propose the fundamentals of 'Ecovillage' design by researching into the cycle system of material of 'Crystalwaters' which is having been in charge of a leading role of GEN since 1996 (GEN was formed in 1996) as Ecovillage in Australia. First, to secure the water resources, we can store up rain and the water of valley, and dam. Second, we are able to use the natural filter apparatus, do tree-planting of roof to gain better quality of water. Third, it is to save the energy as supplying water. For it, we make the best of a gravity that is one of the cycle principle of water. Forth, to build a Dam can make a site of scenic beauty, do the role of recreation place and provide against emergencies (a fire, drought) as well as make a mild climate. Fifth, it can reduce the environment load because of sewage and garbage as making it compost. This is possible by treating biologically using composting apparatus of the dry or wet process. Sixth, it is to reduce the environmental pollution as to discharge seperating a recycable waste, an organic matter being able to make it compost. Finally, first of all, environmentally friendly inhabitant consciousness from lifestyle and production style plays an importent part for water cycle and the ecological cycle of waste and sewage.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.95-106
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• 1997

The characteristics on the transtion probabilities and periodicity for the daily precipitation occurrence in Korean peninsula are investigated by applying the Markov chain properties to daily precipitation occurrence. In order to examine the responses of Markov Chain properties to the applied period and their magnitudes, three cases (Case A: 1956~ 1985 at 14 stations, Case B: 1965~ 1994 at 14 stations, and Case C: 1985~ 1994 at 63 stations) are considered In this study. The transition probabilities from wet day to wet day for all cases are about 0.50 and in summer, especially July, are higher. In addition, considering them in each station we can find that they are the highest at Ullung-do and lowest at Inchon for all cases. The annual equilibrium probabilities of a wet day appear 0.31 In Case A, 0.30 Case B, and 0. 29 Case C, respectively. This may explain that as the data-period used becomes shorter, the higher the equilibrium probability is. The seasonal distributions of equilibrium probabilities are appeared the lowest(0.23~0.28) in winter and the highest(more than 0.39) in spring and monthly in .truly and in October, repectively. The annual mean wet duration for all cases is 2.04 days in Case A, 1.99 Case B, and 1.89 Case C, repectively. The weather cycle obtained from the annual mean wet and dry duration is 6.54~6.59 days, which are closely associated with the movement of synoptic systems. And the statistical tests show that the transitions of daily precipitation occurrence for all cases may have two-state first Markov chain property, being the stationarity in time and heterogeneity in space.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.139-146
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• 1997

벼 직파재배답(直播栽培畓)의 효과적인 방제체계(除草體系)를 확립(確立)하기 위한 기초자료(基礎資料)를 얻고자 직파재배유형별(直播栽培類型別) 잡초발생생태(雜草發生生態)를 구명(究明)하기 위하여 수행한 시험결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 건답직파재배답(乾畓直播栽培畓)에서는 생육초기(生育初期)에 피 바랭이 냉이 강아지풀 등 밭잡초의 발생이 많았으나 생육이 진전됨에 따라 올방개 사마귀풀 너도방동사니 등이 우점(優占)하였고, 담수직파(湛水直播)에서는 건답직파(乾畓直播)에 비하여 피의 우점도(優占度)가 낮았으며 물달개비와 사마귀풀이 우점(優占)하였다. 2. 잡초발생량(雜草發生量)은 건답직파(乾畓直播)가 담수직파(湛水直播)에 비해 1.8~2.4배 많았으며, 파종시기(播種時期)가 늦을수록 증가하였고, 단위기간당(單位期間當) 잡초발생량(雜草發生量)의 증가율(增加率)은 직파유형(直播類型)이나 파종시기(播種時期)에 관계없이 파종후 20일에서 40일 사이에 가장 높았는데, 파종시기(播種時期)가 늦어질수록 증가율(增加率)이 낮아졌다. 3. 일년생잡초(一年生雜草)의 발생비율은 건답직파(乾畓直播)보다 담수직파(湛水直播)에서 높은 반면 다년생잡초(多年生雜草)는 담수직파(湛水直播)에서 발생이 많았고, 파종시기(播種時期)가 늦어질수록 일년생잡초(一年生雜草)의 발생은 감소하고 다년생잡초(多年生雜草)는 증가(增加)하였다. 4. 잡초발생(雜草發生)의 Simpson지수(指數)는 건답직파(乾畓直播)가 담수직파(湛水直播)에 비하여 높았으며, 생육시기 별로는 초기에 비하여 생육이 진전될수록 특정초종(特定草種)의 우점(優占)으로 점차 높아졌다. 5. 잡초발생량(雜草發生量)은 직파유형간(直播類型間)에 통계적인 차이가 있었고, 파종시기(播種時期)에 의해서도 유의성이 인정되었으며, 직파유형과 파종시기간에는 교호작용(交互作用)의 효과(效果)가 있었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제59권1호
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• pp.16-20
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• 2021

PEMFC 고분자막의 내구성 향상을 위한 내구성 평가는 PEMFC 발전을 위해 매우 중요하므로 고분자막 내구성 평가 프로토콜(AST) 연구개발이 계속 되고 있다. 최근에 DOE의 고분자막 화학적/기계적 내구성 평가 AST가 개발되어 Nafion XL에 적용해 검토하였다. 평가시간을 단축시키기 위해 공기대신 산소를 Cathode 가스로 사용해 144시간만에 종료하였다. DOE AST가 가습 45초/건조 30초로 전압변화 횟수가 많아서 전극의 열화가 MEA 내구성에 더 많은 영향을 미쳤다. 그래서 가습 60초/건조 300초로 1사이클 시간을 길게하고 가습시간 대비 건조시간도 길게 하여 고분자막을 더 열화시키게 하였고, 240시간에 종료하였다. 고분자막 내구성 평가를 위한 DOE AST가 전극 열화도 동반됨을 확인하였다.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.156-161
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• 1997

The biogeochemical cycle of silver has rarely been reviewed, even though the silver ion (Ag$^{\times}$) is extremly toxic to some organisms. Its concentration is still rising sharply because of increased anthropogenic activity, specifically the discharge from the film industry (mainly, silver thiosulfate: Ag (S$_2$O$_3$)${^3-}_2$). Recently, a number of researchers have quantified the major fluxes and reservoirs of silver in the open ocean, bays, and estuaries. A review of the available information for Ag cycling in the open ocean shows that the riverine input (from human activity and weathering processes: 7${\times}$10$^6$ kg/yr and 5${\times}$10$^6$ kg/yr, respectively) is the dominant source of Ag to estuarine and coastal regions. Most of the silver (90% of riverine input silver) is removed in coastal sediments by the physical-chemical character of silver due to its high partitioning with particulate matter. On the other hand, in the open ocean the atmospheric input (wet and dry deposition: 1.48${\times}$10$^6$ kg/yr and 1.94${\times}$ 10$^5$ kg/yr, respectively) becomes more important as a source of silver than riverine input. The residence time of silver calculated from available data is 1250 yrs in the deep ocean below 500 m, but only 3 yrs in the surface ocean.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국신재생에너지학회 2010년도 추계학술대회 초록집
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• pp.131.1-131.1
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• 2010

This study was conducted for engineering optimization for the gasification process which is the key factor for success of Taean IGCC gasification plant which has been driven forward under the government support in order to expand to supply new and renewable energy and diminish the burden of the responsibility for the reduction of the green house gas emission. The gasification process consists of coal milling and drying, pressurization and feeding, gasification, quenching and HP syngas cooling, slag removal system, dry flyash removal system, wet scrubbing system, and primary water treatment system. The configuration optimization is essential for the high efficiency and the cost saving. For this purpose, it was designed to have syngas cooler to recover the sensible heat as much as possible from the hot syngas produced from the gasifier which is the dry-feeding and entrained bed slagging type and also applied with the oxygen combustion and the first stage cylindrical upward gas flow. The pressure condition inside of the gasifier is around 40~45Mpg and the temperature condition is up to $1500{\sim}1700^{\circ}C$. It was designed for about 70% out of fly ash to be drained out throughout the quenching water in the bottom part of the gasifier as a type of molten slag flowing down on the membrane wall and finally become a byproduct over the slag removal system. The flyash removal system to capture solid particulates is applied with HPHT ceramic candle filter to stand up against the high pressure and temperature. When it comes to the residual tiny particles after the flyash removal system, wet scurbbing system is applied to finally clean up the solids. The washed-up syngas through the wet scrubber will keep around $130{\sim}135^{\circ}C$, 40~42Mpg and 250 ppmv of hydrochloric acid(HCl) and hydrofluoric acid(HF) at maximum and it is turned over to the gas treatment system for removing toxic gases out of the syngas to comply with the conditions requested from the gas turbine. The result of this study will be utilized to the detailed engineering, procurement and manufacturing of equipments, and construction for the Taean IGCC plant and furthermore it is the baseline technology applicable for the poly-generation such as coal gasification(SNG) and liquefaction(CTL) to reinforce national energy security and create new business models.