• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.113-121
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• 1998

A relationship between sea level variations in the Korea Strait (the western and the eastern channels) and the Tokara Strait in the Kuroshio region is examined using daily-mean sea level data from 1966 to 1986. The seasonal variation of the sea level difference (SLD) between Izuhara and Pusan (the western channel) is most periodic: the positive anomalies appear from summer to autumn, and the negative anomalies from winter to spring year to year, whereas SLDs neither between Hakata and Izuhara (the eastern channel) nor between Naze and Nishinoomote (the Tokara Strait) show such a periodic variation. Much similarity has been found between SLDs in the eastern channel and the Tokara Strait, and in particular they were closely correlated in a special event of the Kuroshio region, such as a large meander of the Kuroshio. This paper shows that the periodic seasonal variation of the SLDs in the western channel should be less related to the Kuroshio region. This result also implies that the variation of SLD in the western channel is largely influenced by local factors, such as the bottom cold water in the western channel in summer, rather than from the Kuroshio region.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.39-47
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• 1997

We researched the mechanism on th flucturain of Bottom Cold Water in the western channel of Korea Strait, using 13 years(1981~1933) oceanographic data of FRDA. The bottom cold water in the western channel appears more often in summer and fall than in winter and spring, and its year-to-year variation of temperature is very large. Such variation seems to be closely related with the variations of cold waters in the subsurface layer of the southwestern East Sea. According to the longitudinal temperature distribution along the korean southeastern coast, a density difference occurs all the time at the still deepth between the western channel and the southwestern East Sea. Thus, it is inferred that the cold waters would intrude into the western channle form the subsurface layer in the southwestern East Sea as a density-driven current, and it intensity depends upon the density difference.

• 한국해양학회지
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.200-209
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• 1984

On the basis of oceanographic observation conducted in summer 1982, the flow pattern of the Tsushima Warm Current definitely showed two branches with high surface velocity more than 70 cm/sec in the western channel of Korea Strait. One of the branches, the East Korea Warm Current, found about 8 km off Pusan flows northward along the east coast of Korea and the other branch, located at about 20km off Pusan flows east after passing the Korea Strait. The branching of two flows already occurred before the Tsushima Warm Current reaches the Pusan Tsushima section, and the volume transport and the widths of the two branches are not much different from each other. The number of branches may be controlled by the width of western channel and the flow of two branches may also be related to the variation of layer depth and the widening ratio of widths between the western channel and the Japan Sea (East Sea).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1992

With 16 years' oceanographic data(1973-1988) of the National Fisheries Research and Development Agency and the CTD data collected by a training ship of Korea Maritime University during Nov. 6-11, 1989, the inflow path of the bottom cold water in the western channel of the Korea Strait were investigated. Temperature of the bottom water in the western channel shows the lowest in summer and large annual variation. According to the temperature distributions in the years when the bottom cold water exists in the western channel in summer, the cold water in the southwestern region of the East Sea seems to intrude into the western channel through the sea southeast 10- 15 miles off Ulsan with its properties showing slight change during advection.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.33 no.spc3
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• pp.325-336
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• 2011

Seasonal to inter-annual variations of water properties in the western channel of the Korea Strait are investigated using quasi-monthly hydrographic observations collected during 2006-2010. Weak vertical temperature and salinity gradients are observed during the winter months and these remain until May. At the upper layer, temperature increases from March and reaches a maximum in August, while salinity decreases during the same period. Near-bottom water shows low temperatures during late winter and fall with a minimum peak in September. Korea Strait Bottom Cold Water produces thick layers (>20 m) in 2006 and 2010, while it is observed very near the bottom with relatively high temperature in 2008 and 2009.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.133-143
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• 1999

We carried out simultaneous and long-time observations of currents across the western channel of the Korea Strait during the period of May, 1994 to September, 1996 in order to understand the spatial and temporal variability of tidal and nontidal currents in the Strait. Results show that currents in the Strait are quite variable in space and time, and they largely consist of mean current and diurnal and semidiurnal tidal currents of about equal magnitudes. The mean currents include the Tsushima Current and the Korea Strait Undercurrent at the center of the channel. The former occupies the upper two-thirds and the latter the lower one-third of the water column. The semidiurnal and diurnal currents are largely rectilinear in the direction of NE-SW and their amplitude variation across the channel appears to be small. However, the diurnal currents at some locations show rotational characteristics with significant nontidal effects. The station close to the Korean coast leads the phase and the phase difference of the semidiurnal current across the channel appears to be less than half an hour while that of the diurnal current is over five hours.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.49-70
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• 1984

Spatial and temporal variations of hydrography and currents are investigated in the Southeastern Sea of Korea during October 1982. The distribution of the water mass of high salinity (>34.40${\textperthousand}$) and low dissolved oxygen concentration (<5.0ml/l) indicates that the Tsushima current flows northward as it passes the Western Channel of the Korea Strait. The cold water (<$6.0^{\circ}c$) with low salinity (<$34.20{\textperthousand}$) and high dissolved oxygen concentration (>6.0ml/l) reaches the bottom of the western channel of the Korea Strait after flowing southward leaning against the slope rather than following the deepest part of the Channel. Repeated sections in the Korea Strait show a remarkable change of hydrographic structure over a period of 4 days ; both warn and cold waters are intensified, particularly in the eastern part of the strait toward the Tsushima Island.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2013

Salinity does not generally affect sound speed because it shows very small variations in the ocean. However, low salinity water appears in the Western Sea of Jeju Island every summer so that sound speed and sound propagation can change near sea surface. We calculated Sound Speed Profile (SSP) using vertical profiles of temperature and salinity, which were averaged over years of normal salinity and low salinity (<28 psu) from 30 years (1980~2009) at 3 sites of Korea Oceanographic Data Center (KODC). As a result, sound speed variation by low salinity alone was -5.36 m/s at sea surface and -1.35 m/s at 10m depth for low salinity environments. Gradient of SSP was positive down to 5 m depth due to decrease of sound speed near surface, leading formation of haline channel. Simulation of acoustic propagation using a ray model (Bellhop) confirmed the haline channel. Haline channel has formed 4 times while hydrostatic channel controlled by only pressure has formed 9 times for 30 years. The haline channel showed larger critical angles of rays than hydrostatic channel. Haline channel was also formed at some sites among 20 measurement sites in low salinity water mass which appeared on August $1^{st}$ 2010.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.302-314
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• 2007

N type calcium channels (CaV2.2) play a key role in the gating of transmitter release at presynaptic nerve terminals. These channels are generally regarded as parts of a multimolecular complex that can modulate their open probability and ensure their location near the vesicle docking and fusion sites. However, the proteins that comprise this component remain poorly characterized. We have carried out the first open screen of presynaptic CaV2.2 complex members by an antibody-mediated capture of the channel from purified rat brain synaptosome lysate followed by mass spectroscopy. 589 unique peptides resulted in a high confidence match of 104 total proteins and 40 synaptosome proteome proteins. This screen identified several known CaV2.2 interacting proteins including syntaxin 1, VAMP, protein phosphatase 2A, $G_{o\alpha}$, G$\beta$ and spectrin and also a number of novel proteins, including clathrin, adaptin, dynamin, dynein, NSF and actin. The unexpected proteins were classified within a number of functional classes that include exocytosis, endocytosis, cytoplasmic matrix, modulators, chaperones, and cell-signaling molecules and this list was contrasted to previous reports that catalogue the synaptosome proteome. The failure to detect any postsynaptic density proteins suggests that the channel itself does not exhibit stable trans-synaptic attachments. Our results suggest that the channel is anchored to a cytoplasmic matrix related to the previously described particle web.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.437-449
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• 1991

Time series of barometrically adjusted sea level at Pusan, Izuhara and Hakada are analyzed to study the fluctuations of the Tsushima Current through the Korea Strait. Variability of sea levels and their differences is divided into two parts with respect to the frequency of 0.01 or 0.02 cycles per day(cpd) At lower frequency, both of sea levels and sea level difference(SLD) are coherent and in phase to each other. Pusan has smaller seasonal variations in sea level than other two stations because the effects of geostrophic current and prevailing wind have a negative influence on the seasonal thermosteric contribution to sea level change. Low frequency variability of SLD thus of the Tsushima Current is much greater in the western channel. For higher frequency parts, SLD in the eastern channel has larger variability and is not coherent with that of the western channel. Sea levels at Pusan and Izuhara are $180^{\circ}$ out of phase with SLD in the western and eastern channel respectively, whereas the Hakada level is in phase. This result indicates that eastern channel has a normal response to the along-channel winds and cross-channel geostrophy because Izuhara faces the eastern channel.