• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.1896-1912
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• 2007

Starting her business operation on January 5 2007, Taiwan High Speed Rail (THSR) shapes a new time-space frame for Taiwan western corridor, where more than 90% of national population lives around and more than 95% gross domestic product created from. Comparing with the four-hour traveling time by highway before 2007, THSR reduces the time required to one and half hours from Taipei to Kaohsiung. It will not only benefit the communication along the island from north to south, but also change the location advantages/disadvantages for all cities in these regions. Therefore, this paper establishes a spatial computable general equilibrium model (SCGE Model) to simulate the economic effect of High Speed Rail (HSR). This SCGE model divides Taiwan economy into fifteen geographic regions and thirteen industries. Each region has three sectors: household sector, transportation sector, and industries sector. Following the behavior function of economic theories, the general equilibrium can be achieved simultaneously. Thus, gross regional product (GRP), capital formation, employment income and welfare/utility level can be all observed by calculating the different economic result between cases with-/ without-HSR. Besides, this model presents the social welfare benefit from HSR operation, the polarization phenomenon among regions and within certain region, unbalance distribution of welfare along the HSR line, and industries development divergence among regions etc. These major findings should be useful for regional development policy making.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.46
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• pp.178-209
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• 2001

This paper aims to provide a critical assesment of Conservatives's and new Labour's social assistance reforms in the U.K. and their differential impacts on low income groups. During the period of 18 years in power, the Conservative governments enforced benefit recipients being capable of work to be out of benefits and to get into work. They employed not only 'carrots' to encourage beneficiaries being capable of work to have full-time work, but also 'sticks' to discourage them to depend on benefits. The reforms under the Conservative governments were closer to the workfare model. The new Labour government has continued to emphasize work regarding social security reform. It has raised 'from welfare to work' as the main reform objective. However, it has not necessarily focused on 'carrots and sticks' in order to get beneficiaries into work. Instead, the new Labour government has put its priority regarding social assistance reform on human capital development in order to develop the capability of beneficiaries for work. Britain under the new Labour government seems to be moving from workfare to activation model. These differentials between the Conservative governments and the new Labour government regarding social assistance reforms bring about the different policy outcomes. Under the Conservative government, social assistance programmes were prone to strengthen the state's control over benefit recipients and to increase stigma to them. Punitive, demeaning, stigmatising programmes of work and unending job search activities harm the bases of self-respect. On the contrary, the activation programmes under the new Labour government has contributed positively to both socially significant participation and autonomy of beneficiaries.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.77-88
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• 2019

This study is empirically intended to look into the effects of basic income security on poverty elimination and life independence in income security policies. To achieve this, poverty elimination and life independence through the national pension and basic pension as old-age pension for basic income security and the unemployment benefit and livelihood benefit as employment insurance were determined as dependent variables. The 10th data from Korea Welfare Panel Study were used in the statistical package program to analyze these variables. The overall findings showed that the national pension and basic pension as part of the old-age pension had a positive effect on poverty elimination and life independence. The unemployment benefit and livelihood benefit of employment insurance were not significant and they were rejected. And poverty elimination had a significant effect on life independence and it was adopted. Consequently, the old-age pension is a pensionable income security policy given to all the elderly with lower income, which it is very useful for guaranteeing a basic income. Poverty elimination leads to life independence through the guarantee of a certain basic income, suggesting that they are closely related to each other.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.41-70
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• 2005

The object of the study is to examine the change of social-economic structure and poverty-shape to escape poverty. In Korea, the working poor have been increased by flexibility and division of labor market since the economic crisis in 1997, and are faced with hard conditions due to the vulnerable welfare system. Especially the workers who engage in irregular jobs were increased by restructure of labor market. Besides they are in unstable employment terms such as low payment, low-skill and exclusion from welfare-benefit. Many small independent businessmen are also in danger of poverty for enterprises trend to move abroad by globalization. Poverty policy in our country was focused on the absolute poor class that has relation with old age, unemployment, disable, disease etc, so they were the object of welfare policy. The poverties, however, are increasing rapidly after the economic crisis, and they work so hard but are still poor, that is, participation in labor market doesn't become an element to escape poverty. Thus the emergence of new poverties whose core consists of the working poor becomes to need new poverty policy. The study is to survey change of their economic conditions, their welfare conditions, their experiences and responses of social dangers after the economic crisis, then to explore the policy to escape poverty. As the result of the study, it shows that the working poor experienced many kinds of social dangers like unemployment, decrease of income etc. In their welfare conditions as their responses to the social dangers, the benefit of social insurance, enterprise welfare like legal retirement pay and paid leave and private welfare such as private pension and insurance are low. The working poor are faced with social dangers, moreover, they don't have skill or education for adapting themselves to information society. The study says that it needs variable policies for the working poor to escape poverty, and suggests payment & tax policies as stable income policy, occupational discipline and skill-education for promoting the quality of employment, moreover, social insurance as expansion of social welfare policy and housing & education policies whose objects are the working poor.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.46
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• pp.60-88
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• 2001

This paper examined the impacts of the welfare reform program, California Work Pays Demonstration Program(CWPDP), implemented in 1992. CWPDP was designed to move welfare recipients into the labor market by reducing the amount of AFDC grants and one-third earned income disregard. The evaluation of the policy impacts on the welfare recipients was conducted in two areas: employment and earnings. This study used a subset of a database created by the California Department of Social Services, and University of California Data Archive and Technical Assistance. The subset is composed of 3,936 AFDC-FG cases selected in LA County: 1,311 control cases and 2,625 experimental cases. The control group was kept on the AFDC rules as of September 1992, while the experimental group was subject to AFDC rule changes implemented under CWPDP. The analyses of the employment and earnings using the random effects probit model and the random effects regression model, respectively, indicated that CWPDP did not effectively encourage female heads to participate in the labor market. It also revealed that CWPDP did not significantly increase the earnings of female heads. The findings imply that the disincentive structure of the public assistance program is not the main barrier preventing female heads from getting jobs and leaving the welfare rolls. Rather, participation in the labor market and exit from welfare is mainly determined by their own demographic characteristics and the economic cycle. Based on the findings, policy implications are suggested on the National Minimum Protection Program in Korea. Those include a flexible exemption rate for the earned income of beneficiaries, affordable child care services, and guaranteed public jobs.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.263-278
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• 2005

This study investigated the current oral health conditions of the elderly at home and welfare facilities in their age over 65 years around some rural areas in Gangwon province, which would expect the fewer medical benefits even with lower interest than urban areas, despite of relatively high ratio of elder populations, so that it could prepare a basic document necessary to determine certain planned quantification for the benefit of elder's oral healthcare. As of the end of December 2004 both 50 elders at home and 50 elders at welfare facilities were randomly sampled in their age over 65 years in Samcheok city. As a result of this study, it was found that the elders at welfare facilities scored 15 pts. in DMFT index level typical of oral health conditions, which was higher than the elders at home. In addition, the elders at welfare facilities scored 26.0% in the coexistence of immobile bridge and partial denture higher than the elders at home with regard to the presence of intraoral prosthetic appliance. The results of analyzing the difference in the one-year dental visiting experience of respondents hereof showed that the elders at home were relatively more in ratio(62.0%) than those at welfare facilities, while many of the former group(38.0%) had relatively more handicap in masticatory movement than the latter one with regard to the conditions of dental prosthesis in use. Besides, many of the elders at facilities(30% or more) felt subjective symptoms of periodontal disease including bleeding or swelling, which indicates higher ratio than the elders at home. Finally, the elders at home used to brush their teeth at more frequency on a daily basis than those at facilities, while the latter group suffered general body disease more than the former group. Summing up, it is concluded that a formulated oral healthcare system will become more needed in near future than now for the benefit of the elderly living in welfare facilities, while nationwide policy-level supports would be urgent for them in the aspect of national welfare.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.25-41
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to quantitatively analyze the social welfare value given to the designated rural settlement zone by the resident-participated site unit plan that the City of Cheongju is newly attempting to draft. Firstly, the costs and benefits from the site unit planning were estimated. Secondly, through literature review especially focussed on the benefit and cost estimation, on-site questionnaire was designed, and then sample residents of the qualifying sites were asked about their willingness to pay, which could make it possible to estimate the monetary value of its benefits by the contingent valuation method (CVM). Finally, the present value of net benefits (PVNB) was estimated through the derived costs and benefits. As a result of analysis, firstly, the present value of net benefits (PVNB) was found to be 7,641 billion won, which indicated that the implementation of district-unit plan would be able to cause sufficient social welfare value for the effected residents. Secondly, in examining the result of individual average amount for willingness to pay through the CVM, the area that benefited the most was found to be the road improvement. Thirdly, as a result of sensitivity analysis, the parameter with the most effects was the discount rate, which suggested that, in carrying out public projects, excessive market interest rates would not be appropriate.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Child Welfare
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• no.60
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• pp.59-86
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of child/family allowance on total fertility rate by period. For this purpose, it formed pooled-time series data from 1980 to 2015 targeting 19 OECD countries that adopted the child allowance policies, and made a close inquiry into a variable-based relationship through the pooled-time series cross-section analysis. The results were as follows. The child allowance appeared to have a significant impact on fertility rate even after controlling for other variables. Such impact was shown to be more noticeable in countries that introduced a fertility encouragement mechanism within its child allowance program. Based on the results, this study suggested the necessity of stepping up a benefit for multi-child families by additionally adopting a fertility encouragement mechanism within the child allowance program, in order for the child allowance program in Korea to function as well as the fertility rate promotion down the road.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 2022

Article 10 of the Constitution All citizens have dignity and values as humans and have the right to pursue happiness. There is a need for support measures such as a means to realize the respect of dignity and values as humans, and how to efficiently maintain policies on welfare for the elderly classified as the socially disadvantaged. It was considered necessary to develop an elderly-friendly city for economic, physical, and social life. Dasan Jeong Yak-yong's respect for adults was to practice the ideology of Confucianism, so this was the most important thing in the past Joseon Dynasty. In particular, it was considered important to think of adults first in practicing filial piety.This study focuses on the long-term care insurance system for the elderly, one of the welfare policy measures for the elderly. The significance of implementing the long-term care insurance system for the elderly is to benefit not only the elderly, but also all generations, including the middle-aged and children who were in charge of long-term care. To this end, the government should properly manage the factors of the social insurance financial crisis caused by the low birth rate and aging population.In addition, concerns about health insurance are high, so it is necessary to secure an appropriate level of government budget for health insurance financial management and minimize unnecessary non-benefit. In addition, it is necessary to induce appropriate medical use through connection with construction medical insurance.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.317-324
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• 1999

Objectives: Since 1991, nationwide massive neonatal screening program for phenylketonuria (PKU) and congenital hypothyroidism have been performed in Korea. As in many other countries, efficiency of this program has not been definitely concluded. For the purpose of evaluation of this program, from the perspective of efficiency, a cost-benefit analysis was carried out. Methods: Costs of the detection and the treatment program were compared with the projected benefit(avoided costs) that results from the prevention of the mental retardation associated with the disorders due to PKU and hypothyroidism. Costs and benefits were discounted at an annual rate of 5%, and duration of life-long labor was assumed to be 30 years. Cost and benefit were estimated based on the detection rates of one case of PKU per 5,572 and one case of congenital hypothyroidism per 32,554 babies screened during 1991-1997. Results: The benefit-cost ratio was 0.418. The sensitivity analysis for the discount rates and labor durations showed that most cost-benefit ratios were lower than one(1.0) except when discount rate was changed to 3% and detection rate to two- or threefold and/or labor duration to 40 years. Conclusion: The result of this study suggested that present program of mass screening for PKU and congenital hypothyroidism could not be justified in terms of efficiency. It doesn't coincide with the results of previous studies in major developed countries, presumably because of difference in detection rates and welfare cost for the disabled.