• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.666-672
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of long-term endurance exercise and salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar on body composition and insulin resistance of high-fat diet (30% carbohydrate, 50% fat and 20% protein) induced obese rats. After 8 weeks of high fat diet (50% of total calories), rats were divided into 4 groups (sedentary group, n=10; exercise group, n=10; Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar group, n=10; exercise+Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar group, n=10) for 8 weeks. Body weight, body composition, diet intake volume, oral glucose tolerance test, plasma total cholesterol were measured. The results showed that Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar plus endurance exercise training for 8 weeks significantly improved body weight control, visceral fat weight, and insulin resistance. However, only Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar treatment did not significantly improve body composition and insulin resistance. In addition, there was no additive by the combination of Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar and endurance exercise in insulin, body fat, and total cholesterol. The reduction of body fat, glucose, insulin and cholesterol by combination was resulted from the exercise. These results suggest that Salvia miltiorrhiza vinegar has slight effect on anti-hyperglycemia and anti-obesity.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.17-42
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the treatment effect of three interventions on the disuse atrophy of rat hindlimb after two weeks suspension. Forty-eight 11~12 weeks old female Sprague-Dawley white rats were divided into four intervention groups: 1) suspension only (S; n=10), 2) intensive weight bearing treadmill (IWBT; n=10), 3) electrical stimulation (ES; n=9), 4) 2)+3) (ES/IWBT; n=9). Another 10 rats received no intervention or hindlimb suspension and served as controls (C). After the interventions, 1) the cross-sectional area (CSA), 2) the ratio of white muscle fiber composition (WMFC), 3) isometric tetanic tension (ITT), and 4) muscle weights (MWs) were measured from the four calf muscle specimens. The results were as follows: 1. In all intervention groups, the CSAs of medial and lateral gastrocnemius (MG LG), soleus (SOL), and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) decreased when compared to the control (C) group (p<.05). The CSA increased in FDS and LG for the IWBT group, in SOL for the ES/IWBT group compared to the S only group (p<.05). 2. The ratios of WMFC in MG, LG, SOL, and FDS increased compared to the C group for all interventions (p<.05). The ratios of WMFC decreased in SOL and LG for the IWBT group, in SOL for the ES/IWBT group compared to the S only group, and decreased in SOL for the ES/IWBT group compared to the IWBT group (p<.05). 3. The ITT in the MG, LG, SOL, and FDS decreased compared to the C group for all interventions (p<.05). The ITT increased in MG LG/FDS, SOL, and the whole calf muscles (WCMs) in the IWBT, ES and ES/IWBT groups compared to the S only group (p<.05). 4. The MWs in MG LG/FDS, SOL, WCMs decreased compared to the C group for all interventions (p<.05). The MWs increased in MG LG/FDS and WCMs for the IWBT group, in SOL for the ES group, and in SOL for the ES/IWBT group compared to the S only group (p<.05). 5. In atrophied muscles, the IWBT group showed the best recovery and the ES/IWBT and ES groups followed in decreasing order. The most susceptible muscle to disuse atrophy was the SOL. But conversely, it showed the best recovery in the ES/IWBT group. After two weeks of hindlimb suspension, the calf muscles of rats atrophied and their isometric tension decreased. These changes were best reversed by hindlimb-focused treadmill activity. The next best results were achieved by electrical stimulation combined with the treadmill followed by only electrical stimulation. These findings indicate that full weight bearing treadmill activity alone or in combination with electrical stimulation are effective treatments for non-weight bearing induced muscle atrophy. Further study of the effect of different intensities of electrical stimulation and variations in the duration period of full weight bearing treadmill activity on disuse atrophy is recommended.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine the possible additive effects of endurance exercise training (EXER) and selenium (SELE) on the improvements of glucose and lactate transport capacities in diabetic Goto-kakizaki rats. Animals either remained sedentary control (SED) or performed EXER or received SELE [$5{\mu}mol$ kg body wt (-1) day (-1)], or underwent both EXER and SELE (COMBI), which lasted for 6 wk. Compared with sedentary control, EXER alone or the SELE alone group, or the combined treatment group had significant reduction in glucose response measured at 90 min and 120 min during an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) and body weight after 6week treatment. EXER alone, or combined group individually had significantly higher glycogen contents in liver compared with SED or SELE groups. EXER alone increased glycogen content in soleus and plantaris compared with SED, and this parameter was increased to greatest extent in the combined treatment groups compared with SED or SELE groups. EXER alone, SELE alone or COMBI, caused significant decreases in the plasma lactates, serum glucose, insulin, total cholesterol and HOMA-IR along with a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with SED. In addition, EXER or COMBI individually had significantly lower serum triacylglycerol compared with SED or SELE. With respect to protein expression related to glucose and lactate transport capacities, EXER alone, SELE alone, or COMBI increased in MCT1 and MCT4 protein level in soleus and plantaris. Furthermore, EXER alone, SELE alone or COMBI caused significant increases in mt MCT1 protein level in soleus and plantaris. The findings of the current study suggest that endurance exercise training and selenium treatment may provide therapeutic values to type II diabetic patients with peripheral insulin resistance and hyperlactatecemia by improving glucose and lactate transport capacities, leading to improvements in plasma lactate, serum glucose, insulin and lipid profiles (TC, TG, HDL).

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.292-299
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• 2013

Purpose: There is a growing concern for the cost management of medical institutions. The purpose of this study was to estimate Activity-Based Costing (ABC) for dental implant cost. ABC refers to allocating resources or cost based on the activities of services. Materials and methods: A dental institution located in the metropolitan area was selected in this study. The tax accounting data of the institution were utilized to confirm total cost, and the institution was asked to make out clinical activities to figure out what activities were carried out. The direct cost and indirect cost for dental implant were separately estimated, and cost driver was analyzed to estimate the indirect cost accurately. Results: The rates of the direct and indirect cost respectively stood at 35.8 and 49.5 percent. The cost for a dental implant was found to be approximately 1,579 won, and the cost of prosthetic surgery and treatment that included implant surgery accounted for the largest portion of the cost, which was 470 thousand won (30%). And the weight of training and education on dentistry was relatively higher than that of the other kinds of treatment. Conclusion: In order to ensure accurate and scientific costing for dental implant, not only direct medical procedure but every pre- and post-procedure activity should fully be taken into account. Pre-activities, post-activities, education and training are included in the indirect cost, but all these activities are mandatory and associated with the quality of treatment and the satisfaction level of patients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.237-249
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• 2002

This study was done to evaluate the nutritional status and the desirable time and period for making dietary records in male high school Taekwondo athletes. Nutrient and flood intake was investigated using dietary record method during usual training (UT, for 29 days) and special training (ST, for 17 days) periods in nine Taekwondo athletes. Nutrient intake by 7-d and 3-d dietary record were compared to the standard nutrient intake, which was computed from dietary record during total period of UT or ST. Total mean energy intake was 2278 kcal, 84% of RDA, and mean intakes of riboflavin, Ca and Fe were less than 77% of RDA. Mean intakes of energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, cholesterol, thiamin, riboflavin, and P decreased during ST (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Mean intakes of vegetables and grains ware the highest in the two periods and following were beverages and instant floods in UT, and meats and fruits in ST. During ST, mean intakes of mushrooms, meats and their products, and instant floods decreased, and sugars and sweets increased (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). The contribution of grains and their products, instant floods, and meats and their products to mean intakes of energy, carbohydrate, protein and fat were high. In snacks, the contribution of instant floods, breads and confections and beverages was high. During UT, cholesterol intake at weeks 1 and 3, and intakes of protein, fat, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin at week 4 by 7-d dietary record were different from their standard intakes (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Intakes of VA, Ca and Fe at week 1, and intakes of carbohydrates, cholesterol rind crude fiber at week 4 by 3-d dietary record were different from their standard intakes (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). During ST, VC intake at week 5, and energy intake from carbohydrate and cholesterol intake at week 6 by 7-d dietary record were different from their standard intakes (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Cholesterol intake at week 7, and energy intake from carbohydrates and fat, and intakes of protein, fat, cholesterol and riboflavin by 3-d dietary record were different from their standard intakes (p < 0.05 o. p < 0.01). In conclusion, empty-calorie floods can be a main source of diet and snacks for Taekwondo athletes, and education about desirable nutrients and floods intakes is needed to help them control their weight. When investigating the nutritional status of Taekwondo athletes in the future, the 7-day or 3-day dietary record is desirable provided they are conducted in the milddle of each period artier distinguishing UT from ST period.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.25-36
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• 2004

Purpose: Nursing puts much weight en the organization of hospital. Therefore it is necessity to improve nursing care. One of the most important things is to secure confident nurses and to develop nurse' potentiality. It directs nurse evaluation system. The concept of "performance appraisal tools" is extremely important in evaluation system. Therefore, the purpose of this study aims to define performance appraisal process. Method: In order to do this, two main study has been observed interviewing appraisers and employees in-depth and analyzing performance appraisal tools of seven hospitals and analysed validity, reliability, acceptability and practicability. Result: The result of this study can be summarized as follows; Firstly, the result of analysis of performance appraisal tools. Regard to validity, Hospitals had a typical goal, but had not put to practice use. Regard to reliability, 1) Appraisal rule had been focused on appraiser's error, how to avoid. 2) 5 hospitals accessed nurses with relative rating and 2 hospitals with absolute rating both in practice. 3) 3 hospitals informed nurses the result of performance appraisal but 4 hospitals did not. 4) All hospitals in this study had conducted superiors rating. Regard to acceptability, 1)Rating scale method had been implemented by 6 hospitals and among those conducted beth ranking method and descriptive method. 2) Most hospitals had focused on personal traits in performance appraisal factors. Regard to practicality, The term of appraisal took $10{\sim}14$ days; performance appraisal happened 1 or 2 times per year; appraisal factors were based on 10 different items. Secondly, the result of in-depth interview with head nurses and staff nurses Regard to validity, head nurses and nurses wared that the goal of performance appraisal is to develop nurse's ability. Regard to reliability, head nurses pointed out that they were doubt of the justice of performance appraisal and they should have got training. Nurses insisted that raters should have been trained due to lack of qualification of appraiser; Head nurses and nurse proposed to convert form relative rating to absolute rating; to inform the result of appraisal; to implement peers rating. Regard to acceptability, One of the critical problems of performance appraisal tools was abstract of appraisal factors ; Lack of job analysis. Regard to practicality, Head nurses used to take overtime for appraisal. There was only a little respond despite of their efforts. Nurses questioned that appraisal tools exist for only appraisal; there was less cost-effectiveness. Conclusion: Based en these findings, it could be suggested to improve the performance appraisal tools for nurses evaluation. Firstly, it is necessary to describe goal of performance appraisal clearly set up, so that nurses could improve their positive word performance and develop their potentiality. Secondly, it is necessary to obtain various training on raters, implement absolute rating and inform the result of appraisal to nurses and use peers rating. Thirdly, it is necessary to convert from rating scale method to management by objectives or behaviorally anchored rating scale and take measurable appraisal factors based en job analysis. Finally, it is necessary to reduce the appraisal cost but increase effectiveness of performance appraisal.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.121-129
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• 1992

The effect of exercise on plasma insulin, free fatty acid, and glucose uptake and glycogen concentration in soleus, and intravenous glucose tolerance of streptozotocin treated, diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats were studied. Diabetic-trained animals were Subjected to a regular program of treadmill running for 4 weeks. Seventy-two hours after the last training session, basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was studied in incubated strips(about 20mg) of soleus muscle in vitro. Glucose tolerance was measured with intravenous infusion of 0.5g glucose/kg body weight. In diabetic rats, training was associated with increased glucose uptake in basal and maximal insulin concentrations, decreased fasting glucose concentrations, and increased muscle glycogen levels, but there were no changes in glucose tolerance curve and plasma insulin concentrations. These results suggest that regular running program for 4 weeks improve responsiveness of insulin on soleus muscle, but fails to cause improvement of impaired intravenous glucose tolerance in mild degree streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.9
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• pp.403-410
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• 2015

Since 1970, MRI has greatly been developing in terms of strength of magnetic field, the number of receipt channels, and short time of examination. With the development of digital systems and wireless network, hospitals have also acquired, saved, and managed digital images taken by various kinds of medical imaging equipment. However, domestic universities fail to provide practice training course independently thanks to expensive practice equipment and high maintenance cost, and rely on clinical training. Therefore, this study developed a MR patient diagnosis program based on Windows PC to help out students before their working in clinical filed. The designed Relational Database of MRI Simulator is made up of seven tables according to functions and data characteristics. Regarding the designed patient information, each stepwise function was classified by the patient registration method in clinical field. In addition, on the assumption of the basic information for diagnosis, each setting and content were classified. The menu by execution step was arrayed on the left side for easy view. For patient registration, a patient's name, gender, unique ID, birth date, weight, and other types of basic information were entered, and the patient's posture and diagnosis direction were set up. In addition, the body regions for diagnosis and Pulse Sequence were listed for selection. Also, Protocol name and other additional factors were allowed to be entered. The final window was designed to check diagnosis images, patient information, and diagnosis conditions. By learning how to enter patient information and change diagnosis conditions in this program, users will be able to understand more theories and terms learned in practice and thereby to shorten their learning time in actual clinical work.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.815-822
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• 2015

Purpose: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of sex-based non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) varieties on survival rates. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was performed in patients with NSCLC who were diagnosed by histological methods between the years 2000 and 2010. A chi-square test was used to compare variables. Overall survival (OS) was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Of the 844 patients, 117 (13.9%) were women and 727 (86.1%) were men. Adenocarcinoma was more common in women than in men (p<0.0001). There were more women non-smokers than men (p<0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference in ECOG PS, weight loss>10%, stage, LDH, albumin and treatment between women and men. Women younger than 65 years (17.0 vs 12.0 months; p=0.03), who had adenocarcinoma histology (15.0 vs 10.0 months; p=0.006) and who had a hemoglobin level ${\geq}12g/dL$ (18.0 vs 12.0 months; p=0.01) were found to have a better median OS rate than men. Median OS rates were found to be 13.0 months in females and 12.0 months in males (p=0.14). Among metastatic patients, the median OS was 11.0 months in females and 8.0 months in males (p=0.005). Among stage IIIB and stage IV patients who had first line platinum-based chemotherapy, the median OS was 17.0 months in women and 11.0 months in men (p=0.002). The response rate of chemotherapy was higher in women than in men (p=0.03). Conclusions: In our study, we found that survival duration is longer and chemotherapy response is better in women with NSCLC who do not have anemia or comorbidities and who are mostly non-smokers with adenocarcinomas. Further studies regarding the causes of these differences may provide clarity on this subject.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.646-651
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• 1998

The molecular structure of sulfur compounds and the retention relationship are studied by gas chromatography. Analyzed sulfur compounds are, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur dioxide, carbon disulfide, ethyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, iso-propyl mercaptan, normal propyl mercaptan, ethyl methyl sulfide, tert-butyl mercaptan, tetrahydrothiophene, thiophene, and 2-chlorothiophene. Multiple linear regression explains the retention relationship of molecular descriptors. In GC the temperature program is 30$^{\circ}C$ held for 10.5 min, and then increased to 150$^{\circ}C$ at a rate 15$^{\circ}C$/min. Predicted equation for relative retention time (RRT) using SAS program is as follows; $RRT=0.121bp+14.39dp-8.94dp^2+0.0741sqmw-35.78\; (N=8,\; R^2=0.989, \;Variance=0.175,\;F=66.21)$. RRTs are function of boiling point, the square root of molecular weight, molecular dipole moment, and boiling point effects mostly on RRT. The RRT is maximized at the molecular dipole moment of 0.805D, when using nonpolar columns. The planar and highly symmetric compounds are eluted slowly. The square, of correlation coefficient $(R^2)$ using SAS program, is 0.989, and the variance is 0.175 in training sets. For three sulfur compounds, the variance between observed RRTs and predicted RRTs is 0.432 in testing sets.