• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2020년도 추계국제학술대회
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• pp.62-62
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• 2020

Ginseng is a shade-plant cultivated using shading facilities. However, at too low light levels, root growth is poor, and at high light levels, the destruction of chlorophyll reduces the photosynthesis efficiency due to leaf burn and early fall leaves. The ginseng has a lightsaturation point of 12,000~15,000 lux when grown at 15 to 20℃ and 9,500 lux at 25℃. This study was conducted to select the optimal light intensity of 3-year-old ginseng grown in blue-white film plastic house. The seeds were planted in the blue-white film plastic house with different light receiving rate (March 17, 2020). Between April and September, the average air temperature in the house was 20.4-20.7℃. Average soil temperature was 18.3℃-18.5℃. The chemical properties of the test soil was as follows. The pH level was 7.0-7.4, EC was 0.5-0.6 dS/m, OM was at the levels of 33.6-37.7 g/kg, P₂O₅ was 513.0-590.8 mg/kg, slightly higher than the allowable 400 mg/kg. The amount of light intensity, illuminance, and solar radiation in the blue-white film house was increased as the light-receiving rate increased and the amount of light intensity was found to be 9-14% compared to the open field, 8-13% illuminance and 9-14% solar irradiation respectively. The photosynthesis rate was the lowest at 3.1 µmolCO²/m²/s in the 9% light blue-white plastic house and 4.2 and 4.0 µmolCO²/m²/s in the 12% and 14% light blue-white plastic house, respectively. These results generally indicate that the photosynthesis of plants increases with the amount of light, but the ginseng has a lower light saturation point at high temperatures, and the higher the amount of light, the lower the photosynthetic efficiency. The SPAD (chlorophyll content) value decreased as the increase of light-receiving rate, and was the highest at 32.7 in 9% light blue-white plastic house. Ginseng germination started on April 11 and took 13-15 days to germinate. The overall germination rate was 82.9-85.8%. The plant height and length of stem were long in the 9% light-receiving plastic house. The diameter of stem was thick in the 12-14% light-receiving plastic house. In the 12% and 14% light-receiving plastic house, the length and diameter of taproot was long and thick, so the fresh weight of root per plant was 20 g or more, which was heavier than 16.9 g of the 9% light-receiving plastic house. The disease incidence (Alternaria blight, Gray mold and Damping-off etc.) rate were 0.9-2.7%. The incidence of Sclerotinia rot disease was 7.5-8.4%, and root rot was 0-20.0%. The incidence ratio of rusty root ginseng was 34.4-38.7% level, which was an increase from the previous year's 15% level.

• 생태와환경
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• 제37권2호통권107호
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• pp.248-254
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• 2004

관개용수의 염분농도가 벼 생육, 수량, 미질 등에 미치는 영향에 관한 과학적인 기초자료를 확보하기 위하여 관개용수의 평균 염분농도를 1,000, 2,000, 3,000, 5,000,7,000 ${\mu}s\;cm^{-1}$의 처리하여 2003년 4월부터 9월까지 벼재배 포트실험을 수행하였다. 실험에서 얻은 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 초장, 분얼수, 엽색도 (SPAD value). 건물중은 관개수의염분농도가 높을수록 감소하는 경향을 보였으며, 염도5,000 ${\mu}s\;cm^{-1}$ 와 7,000 ${\mu}s\;cm^{-1}$처리구의 식물체는 유수형성기 이전에 고사하였다. 특히, 유수형성기 이후부터 3,000 ${\mu}s\;cm^{-1}$ 처리구에서는 초장, 분얼수. 식물체 건물중 모두가 대조구에 비해 유의하게 감소하였다. 식물체의 무기성분 (N, P, K)함량은 관개수의 염도가증가함에 따라 크게 감소하는 경향으로 질소는 2,000 ${\mu}s\;cm^{-1}$와 3,000 ${\mu}s\;cm^{-1}$ 처리구에서, 인 함량은 모든 처리구에서, 칼륨함량은 3,000 ${\mu}s\;cm^{-1}$ 처리구에서 대조구에 비해 유의하게 낮았다. 수량을 결정하는 이삭당 영화수, 등숙률 및 천립중은 염분농도가 증가함에 따라 감소하였고, 수량 역시 큰 폭으로 감소하여 처리구 모두에서 유의하게 감소하였다. 완전미율은 염도가 높아짐에 따라 증가하였고, 청미는 감소하였으며, 단백질 함량은 염분 농도가 증가할수록 감소하는 경향으로 3,000 ${\mu}s\;cm^{-1}$ 처리구에서 대조구에 비해 유의하게 낮았다. 우리나라는 1970년대를 전후하여 관개용수원 확보를 목적으로 서남해안 바다를 간척하여 하구담수호를 다수 조성하였으며, 이는 전체 농업용수원의 약 16%정도를 차지하고 있다. 하지만 우리나라의 하구담수호는 조성 년도가 짧을 뿐만 아니라 바다와 인접한 지형, 지질학상으로 염분농도가 높아 농작물 염해에 대해 우려의 소지가 많다. 우리나라에서는 그동안 간척지인 토양을 대상으로 하여 수확량 확보를 목적으로 염분 농도와 벼 생육에 대한연구가 지속되어 왔다. 그러나 염분 농도가 높은 물을 관개용수로 이용시 벼 생육과 수량, 미질 등에 미치는 영향 등에 대한 연구는 소수에 불과하여 기초자료 확보차인에서 본 연구가 시도되었다. 본 연구의 결과를 종합해 볼 때, 관개수의 염분농도가 1,000 ${\mu}s\;cm^{-1}$ 이상에서는 수량감소를 가져오고, 특히3,000 ${\mu}s\;cm^{-1}$ 이상에서는 절대적인 벼 생육 피해뿐만 아니라 식물체 고사까지 초래하고 있다. 따라서 염도가 높은 물을 관개용수로 이용시 사용 전에 충분한 제염이 이루어져야 할 것으로 사료되며, 염분 농도에 대한 허용한계농도 수질기준이나 관개용수 수질기준 마련이 시급하다 하겠다. 본 연구는 단지 1년간의 포트실험의 결과이므로 자연환경에서의 재배실험과는 상당히 다를 수가 있다. 따라서 자료에 대한 신뢰성 확보를 위해서는 포장실험을 비롯하여 향후 지속적인 생육실험으로 자료를 축적하는 것이 바람직하다고 판단된다.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.142-148
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• 1997

제한통성 메탄올 자호세균인 Methylovorus sp. strain SS1은 최적 성장 조건하에서는 소량의 세포외 다당류(EPS)를 생산하였지만, 질소원이 결핍된 성장 조건하에서는 성장속도는 느렸지만 다량의 EPS를 생산하였다. EPS는 배지내의 탄소대 질소 비율이 5.2일 때 가장 많이 생산되었다. EPS 생산을 위한 최적 온도는 30^{\circ}C.$이고 최적 pH는 6.5였다. EPS는 탄수화물과 단백질 및 약간의 피루브산으로 구성되어 있었고, 환원당으로는 다량의 포도당과 소량의 mannose가 존재하였다. 에탄올을 처리한 EPS(EPSae)에는 에탄올을 처리하지 않은 EPS(EPSbe)에 존재하던 피루브산이 존재하지 않았고, EPS보다 단백질의 양도 적고 점성도 낮았다. EPSbe의 점성은 NaCl에 의해 큰 영향을 받았는데, 0.5%(w/v) 농도의 NaCl 용액에서도 점성이 크게 떨어졌으며, 높은 온도에서는 점성이 비가역적으로 크게 증가하였다. Gel filtration 방법으로 조사한 EPSae의 분자량은 $2.5{\times}$10^6$ - $3.5{\times}$10^6$이었다. 냉동건조한 다당류를 전자현미경으로 관찰하였을 때, EPSbe는 섬유모양을 하였고, EPSae는 벌집모양의 망상구조를 하고 있었다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.306-311
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• 2016

Objective: This study was performed to compare the changes in the blood concentrations of tacrolimus when either itraconazole or voriconazole is together with tacrolimus to prevent or treat invasive aspergillus pneumonia (IAP) in patients with lung transplants. Therefore we can compare the degree of drug-drug interactions between tacrolimus and itraconazole against tacrolimus and voriconazole. Methods: Patients who were admitted and had lung transplants in a territory referral hospital from September 2012 to May 2015 were analyzed retrospectively. The effects of itraconazole and voriconazole on the plasma concentrations of tacrolimus were analyzed. Results: Mean tacrolimus concentrations was $10.49{\pm}2.35ng/mL$ vs. $10.95{\pm}2.98ng/mL$ (p=0.722), and mean concentration of tacrolimus over the dose of tacrolimus per day was $8.510{\pm}5.890(ng/mL)/(mg/d)$ vs. $15.45{\pm}28.47(ng/mL)/(mg/d)$ (p=0.947) in itraconazole vs. voriconazole group each. The ratio of the number of the results out of target tacrolimus concentrations to the total number of tacrolimus concentration results was $18.0{\pm}13.3%$ vs. $24.4{\pm}18.5%$ (p=0.185). Conclusion: There were no significant differences between itraconzaole and voriconazole to have influences on mean concentrations of tacrolimus over tacrolimus dose per weight per day. However voriconazole tended to raise tacrolimus plasma concentrations more than itraconazole. Safer and more effective drug management to prevent and treat fungal infections should be done by therapeutic drug monitoring not only of tacrolimus but of itraconazole and voriconazole in lung transplant patients.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.363-368
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• 2014

This study was conducted to find out the optimum composition of nursery soil for raising seedling of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). Total 9 kinds of raw materials were used such as peat-moss, perlite, leaf mould, rice bran, gull's guano, castor-oil plant bark, palm bark, cow manure and chicken manure for optimum composition of nursery soil in ginseng. Occurrence of damping-off in ginseng was lowered about 50% in nursery soil type 1, 2 and 4 than in other types nursery soil in June, and occurrence rate of rusty root also lowest in nursery soil type 1. As the salinity of nursery soil increased, so did the occurrence of physiological disorder in ginseng seedling. The cause of salinity increasing in nursery soil has closely relation to $NO_3-N$, $P_2O_5$ and $Na^+$ content. Plant height, root length, diameter and weight were longer and heavier in nursery soil type 1 (mixing ratio of peat-moss, perlite and leaf mould was 50 : 20 : 30 based in volume) than in other types of nursery soil. So nursery soil type 1 was selected for raising seedling of ginseng. pH and electric conductivity (EC) of selected nursery soil type 1 was 5.55 and 0.13 dS/m. Contents of $NO_3-N$ and $P_2O_5$ were 21.0 and 40.0 mg/L, and $K^+$ 0.36, $Ca^{2+}$ 3.38, $Mg^{2+}$ 2.01 and $Na^+$ $0.09cmol^+/L$, respectively.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.148-153
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• 2013

Background: C-arm fluoroscope has been widely used to promote more effective pain management; however, unwanted radiation exposure for operators is inevitable. We prospectively investigated the differences in radiation exposure related to collimation in Medial Branch Block (MBB). Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial of 62 MBBs at L3, 4 and 5. After the patient was laid in the prone position on the operating table, MBB was conducted and only AP projections of the fluoroscope were used. Based on a concealed random number table, MBB was performed with (collimation group) and without (control group) collimation. The data on the patient's age, height, gender, laterality (right/left), radiation absorbed dose (RAD), exposure time, distance from the center of the field to the operator, and effective dose (ED) at the side of the table and at the operator's chest were collected. The brightness of the fluoroscopic image was evaluated with histogram in Photoshop. Results: There were no significant differences in age, height, weight, male to female ratio, laterality, time, distance and brightness of fluoroscopic image. The area of the fluoroscopic image with collimation was 67% of the conventional image. The RAD ($29.9{\pm}13.0$, P = 0.001) and the ED at the left chest of the operators ($0.53{\pm}0.71$, P = 0.042) and beside the table ($5.69{\pm}4.6$, P = 0.025) in collimation group were lower than that of the control group ($44.6{\pm}19.0$, $0.97{\pm}0.92$, and $9.53{\pm}8.16$), resepectively. Conclusions: Collimation reduced radiation exposure and maintained the image quality. Therefore, the proper use of collimation will be beneficial to both patients and operators.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.75-84
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• 2004

Reproductive cycle, the condition index, sex ratio of the Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas were investigated by histological and morphometric data. The specimens were collected in the two oyster farms of Geoje and Namhae, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea, from November 1995 to October 1996. Growth of shell length in two regions was similar, but growth of total weight of the oyster in Namhae was faster than that in Geoje oyster farm. The spawning periods in female and male clams were from July to October in Geoje and from June to October in Namhae oyster farm. Ripe oocytes were approximately 50 m in diameter. The reproductive cycle of in females and males in Geoje and Namhae oyster farms can be divided into five successive stages: early developing, late developing, ripe, partially spawned and spent/inactive. Monthly changes in gonad developmental phases showed somewhat different patterns between female and male clams except for the spawning period. On the whole, however, monthly changes in the gonad developmental phases showed a similar pattern in the same sex. The sex ratios of females to males in Geoje and Namhae oyster farms were not significantly different from a 1:1 sex ratio ($x^2$ = 0.55 (p > 0.05) in Geoje and $x^2$ = 0.27 ( p > 0.05) in Namhae). Artificial induction of maturation by heating of adult oysters (two-year-old) was investigated from 17 January to 18 March in 1996. Maturity at the fixed water temperature group of $20^{\circ}C$ was 80%, it showed the highest maturity of experimental groups cultured for five weeks. The survival (%) of Crassostrea gigas in the raised water temperature experimental groups (15, 20, $25^{\circ}C$) were over 98.5%, as similar to the control group (100%). But, the survival of C. gigas in the fixed water temperature experimental groups (15, 20, 25, $30^{\circ}C$) were decreased with the increase of the water temperatures. In the fixed water temperature experimental group of $30^{\circ}C$, the survival was 51.1%. Base on these results, the fixed water temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ was the best condition for artificial induction of sexual maturation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.987-992
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• 2015

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of palm kernel expellers on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood profiles of weaned pigs. A total of 88 weaned pigs ($6.94{\pm}0.76kg$ body weight [BW]; 28 d old) were randomly allotted to 2 dietary treatments (4 pigs/pen; 11 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design (sex as a block). The dietary treatments were a typical nursery diet based on corn and soybean meal (CON) and CON added with 20% of palm kernel expellers (PKE). Pigs were fed for 6 wk using a 3-phase feeding program with declining diet complexity and with phases of 1, 2, and 3 wk, respectively. Blood was collected from randomly selected 2 pigs in each pen before weaning and on d 7 after weaning. Pigs were fed respective dietary treatments containing 0.2% chromic oxide from d 29 to 35 after weaning. Fecal samples were collected from randomly selected 2 pigs in each pen daily for the last 3 days after the 4-d adjustment period. Measurements were growth performances, digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen and energy, white and red blood cell counts, packed cell volume, and incidence of diarrhea. The PKE increased average daily gain (ADG) (246 vs 215 g/d; p = 0.06) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) (470 vs 343 g/d; p<0.05) and decreased gain-to-feed ratio (G:F) (0.522 vs 0.628 g/g; p<0.05) during phase 2 compared with CON, but did not affect growth performance during phase 1 and 3. During overall experimental period, PKE increased ADG (383 vs 362 g/d; p = 0.05) and ADFI (549 vs 496 g/d; p<0.05) compared with CON, but did not affect G:F. However, no differences were found on digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and energy between CON and PKE. The PKE reduced frequency of diarrhea (15% vs 25%; p = 0.08) for the first 2 wk after weaning compared with CON. Similarly, PKE decreased white blood cells (8.19 vs $9.56{\times}10^3/{\mu}L$; p = 0.07), red blood cells (2.92 vs $3.25{\times}10^6/{\mu}L$; p = 0.09), and packed cell volume (11.1% vs 12.6%; p = 0.06) on d 7 after weaning compared with CON. In conclusion, addition of 20% palm kernel expellers to nursery diet based on corn and soybean meal had no negative effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and blood profiles of weaned pigs.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.133-142
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 보통포틀랜드시멘트(OPC: ordinary Portland cement), 플라이애쉬(PFA: pulverised fly ash), 고로슬래그미분말(GGBFS: ground granulated blast furnace slag), 실리카퓸(SF: Silica fume)등의 각종 결합재를 적용한 시멘트 페이스트의 염소이온 고정화능력에 관하여 연구하였다. 각각의 사용 시멘트 페이스트는 40%의 물/결합재로 PFA, GGBFS 및 SF 혼화제의 각기 다른 치환률을 갖도록 하였으며 미리 혼합수내에 결합재 중량당 0.1~0.3%의 염소이온을 배합수내에 혼입 포함시켜 배합되어 제조되었다. 염소이온의 측정은 7일간 양생 후 수분 추출 방법을 이용하여 측정하였다. 실험을 통해 염소이온 고정화 능력이 결합재 종류 및 치환률에 의존하고 있음을 확인하였고, 총 염소이온량의 증가는 염소이온 고정화능력을 제한하여 결론적으로 염소이온 고정화를 감소시키고 있음을 보였다. 본 연구에서 최대 30%의 치환율을 가진 PFA와 60%의 치환률을 가진 GGBFS의 경우는 OPC보다 염소이온고정화 능력이 작았으며, SF의 치환률의 증가는 고정화를 감소시키고 있음을 확인하였으며, 이는 포졸란계 재료의 잠재 수화반응 혹은 공극수의 pH 저하등의 이유로 판단된다. 재령 7일에서의 염소이온의 고정화능력은 염해부식에 대한 저항성으로 나타내어지며, 염분을 혼입한 경우의 고정화능력의 순서는 30%PFA > 10%SF > 60%GGBFS > OPC로 나타났다. 더욱이 염소이온의 고정화 거동은 Langmuir isotherm 및 Freundlich isotherm으로 잘 표현될 수 있음을 보였다.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2009

본 연구는 rotifer가 가진 소화효소환성과 영양적인 측면에서 자어의 소화력을 평가하기 위한 실험을 하였다. 그래서 rotifer의 소화력을 증가시켜 주기 위해 배양수에 starch를 첨가하여 rotifer (starch-rotifer)의 소화효소 활성을 향상시켰으며 지질 영양강화 rotifer (CE-rotifer)와 비교하여 넙치자어를 이용하여 먹이효율 실험을 하였다. 이들 rotifer의 소화효소 (lipase 제외), 총 단백질, 필수아미노산 총량, 필수아미노산(methionin과 phenylalanine)에서 starch-rotifer가 높게 나타났다. 하지만 총지질, 지질 클래스(sterol 제외)및 DHA, EPA와 같은 지방산은 CE-rotifer에서 높게 나타났다. 그러나 sterol과 ST/TG 비는 starch-rotifer에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다P<0.05). 이 두 가지 rotifer를 공급받은 넙치자어는 부화 후 6일까지 체장과 체중에서 $3.72{\sim}3.79\;mm$와 $32.9{\sim}37.8\;mg$/larva의 범위로 유의적인 차이가 없었다(P>0.05). 그러나 부화 후 12일째는 CE-넙치에서 starch-넙치가 보다 높은 $5.94{\pm}0.249\;mm$, $144.0{\pm}23.86\;mg$/larva 및 $26.2{\pm}2.13%$의 생존율을 보였다. 이들 두 rotifer를 공급받은 넙치자어의 가수분해 효소 활성은 부화 후 5일째 acidic -amylase, neutral -amylase, TG-lipase, lysozyme 및 acidic Phosphatase에서 starch-넙치에서 유의적으로 높게 조사되었으나, 부화 후 11일째는 CE-넙치의 neutral $\alpha$-amylase, three pretenses, two phosphatases에서 starch-넙치보다 유의적으로 높은 활성을 보였다. 결과적으로 넙치자어는 부화 후 6일까지 영양강화 rotifer를 공급하는 것보다 소화효소 활성을 향상시킨 먹이를 공급하는 것이 자어의 소화력 측면에서 유익하며, 이후 소화기관의 발달로 영양의 흡수가 원활해져서 영양강화 효과가 자어의 성장으로 나타났다고 판단된다. 따라서 이후 소화효소활성과 영양의 측면에서 부화 후 6일 이후에 대한 상세한 고찰이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.