• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.73-81
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to determine the adverse effects of methylmercuric chloride(MMC) against the fetal growth and the ossification rate of fetal pectoral and pelvic girdle, stermebrae, ribs and tail in pregnant Fischer 344 rats administered orally on day 7 of gestation. The resulted obtained are as follows. The weight and size of fetus were highly reduced by MMC. The reduction of fetal weight and size were 16. 2%~24.5%(p<0.01), and 34.1%~48.8%(p<0.01), and that of the litter’s weight were 67.0%(p<0.01) and 89.2%(p<0.01) by 20 and 30mg/kg MMC, respectively. Ossification centers were never formed in pectoral and pelvic phalanges and sternebrae, and was reduced as much as 70% in tail by 30mg/kg MMC. And also those were 82.4%~ 91.2%(p<0.01) in ischium, and 52.4~66.7%(p<0.01) in the others(ilium, fenur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals)of pelvic girdle by 30 mg/kg MMC. Ossification of sternebrae was terrible. 5th bone of sternebrae was not ossificated by 20 and 30 mg/kg MMC(p<0.01), and 2nd was also not ossificated by 30 mg/kg MMC(p<0.01).And reduction of ossification rate was 84.8~97.8%(p<0.01) in the others of sternebrae by 30 mg/kg MMC. And then, the reduction of ossification rate was 26.65~49.8%(p<0.01) in fetal ribs by 30 mg/kg MMC, and they were trend to increased as following from center to each edge. In conclusion, it was observed that fetal weight, size, and ossification of each bone were highly significantly reduced by the increased dosage of MMC.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.146-151
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• 2001

This study was carried out to find if the X-irradiation being used for clinical diagnosis during pregnancy would affect fetal development and cause fetal malformation in rats or not. To determine the dose and irradiation frequency of X-irradiation and gestation period by which fetal development would be affected when irradiated during pregnancy, seventy-two Sprague Dawley female rats (8 weeks old) were used for the experiment and grouped into three according to different gestation period of 5-8 days, and 6-12 days of gestation. Experimental rats were irradiated on the daily irradiation conditions of 40, 60, 80 kvp(kilo volt peak), 150 mA(milliampere), 0.25 sec and 4 times/day for both 5-8 days and 10-13 days of gestation, and 100 kvp, 100 mA, 2 min. and 4 times/day for 6-12 days of gestation. Rats were put in a small dark box when irradiated, which animals were sacrificed on the 20th day of gestation and mean litter size, fetal body weight, fetal crown-rump length(CRL) were investigated along with pathological findings. 1. Litter size were significantly decreased in the rats which were irradiated by both 60 and 80 kvp during 5 to 8 days of gestation and by 100 kvp during 6-12 days of gestation compared to those from the control rats(p<0.05) 2. Fetal body weight was significantly decreased in the fetus from the rats which were irradiated by both 60-80 kvp during 5-8 days of gestation and by 100 kvp during 6-12 days of gestation compared to those from the control rats(p<0.05). 3. There was no significant difference of fetal crown-rump length between all the experimental rats and the controls. 4. Fetal absorption, fetal death, and fetal malformation were not observed in the fetus form the rats irradiated by 40-80 kvp during 5-8 and 10-13 days of gestation, however, the pathological findings were found in those from the rats irradiated by 100 kvp during 6-12 days of gestation. 5. The harmful effect of x-irradiation on fetal development was estimated to occur when irradiated during 5-8 days of gestation. These results indicated that even X-irradiation for clinical diagnosis could affect fetal development in the early embryonic stage and when the fetus were exposed to frequent and prolonged x-irradiation with over dose.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.57-64
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• 1982

This study was designed to observe the effect of two levels of dietary protein intake on the development and growth of rats from fetus to adult. The pregnant rats were fed either 20% casein diet or 7% casein diet. After weaning or two weeks postweaning, some of the pups from malnourished mothers were rehabilitated by feeding 20% casein diet. The results were. 1. On the 14th day of gestation, no differences were found in weight and total body fat or protein between fetuses from dams fed 7% casein diet and those from those from 20% casein diet. 2. The birth weight of the pups from 7% casein diet group were significantly lower than those from 20% casein diet group. 3. After rehabilitation, the total body fat and protein of low protein group were not different from those of control group when they were compared at the same body weights regardless the age of rats or the duration on the low protein diet. 4. The nitrogen retention of low protein group, after rehabilitation, was higher than that of control group when they were compared at the same body weight.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.433-440
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• 2000

이 연구는 정상구개백서와 비교하여 구개 파열 백서에서 osteonectin 발현 양상에 대한 관찰하기 위해 시도되었다. 임신 9일째 백서 4마리를 구입하여 1마리의 대조군과 3마리의 실험군으로 구분한후, beta-aminoproprionitrale를 임신 13일째 1g/kg체중 비율로 실험군에 투여하였다. 그 후 임신 20일째 백서를 모두 희생하여 대조군에서는 12마리, 실험군에서는 33마리의 백서 태자를 얻어 그 중 실험군에서 총 6마리의 구개파열 백서태자를 얻었다. 구개파열 백서태자 5마리를 각3마리씩 면역조직화학염색과 Western blot검사를 위해 나누고, 대조군의 구개와 구개파열군의 구개에서 osteonectin 발현양상은 다음과 같은 결과를 보였다. 1. 구개파열 백서의 간엽조직에서 osteonectin 발현 양상은 대조군에 비해 현저히 낮은 형태를 보였다. 2. 구개파열 백서의 골아세포와 골세포에서 osteonectin 발현 양상은 대조군에 비해 낮은 형태를 보였다. 3. 구개파열 백서의 비강 상피에서 osteonectin 발현 양상은 구개 상피의 발현양상과 차이가 없었다. 4. Western blot분석에서 구개 파열 백서의 osteonectin 밴드 굵기와 두께는 정상군에 비해 얇고 희미하였다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.106-113
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• 2022

Objectives: Herbal medicine is a worldwide health topic. Vitex agnus-castus L. (VAC) is a popular plant used for gynecologic problems due to its hormonal effects. The aim of this study is to reveal VAC extract effect on fetus when this herb is used started from antenatal period or during pregnancy. Methods: Performed from starting day of January 2019 till February 2019, 48 rats were assigned in randomly divided eight-member six groups: control (C1), treated group with 365 mg/kg VAC from initiation of insemination (T1) and 30 days prior to pregnancy (T2), control that underwent caesarean section on 15^th day of gestational age (C2) and treated group with 365 mg/kg VAC from initiation of insemination (T3) and 30 days prior to pregnancy (T4) that underwent caesarean section. Weight, sex and number of fetuses, abortion and still birth rate and estradiol level were evaluated using t-test by SPSS software. Results: We showed increased weight among T1 group considering totally and sex-dependent which is significant (all p-value < 0.05). We also detected significantly decreased weight in T2 in total (p-value < 0.0001) and when considering female fetuses (0.043) but not males (0.17). Although the results showed slightly non-significant increased weight among fetuses of T3 (totally or based on the fetus sex) compared to the control group (C2), T4 group had statistically decreased weight compared to control group. Pregnancy rate and pregnancy outcome were affected by VAC usage. The time of VAC initiation also affected live birth and abortion rates. Conclusion: VAC extract may affect pregnancy rate, live birth rate, abortion and stillbirth rates. Its effect on the weight and the sex showed dual pattern depends on the time of initiation and pregnancy trimester of evaluation. Prescribing this medicinal plant for patients being prone to pregnancy should be with caution. Further study is recommended.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제64권5호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2021

Background: The consequences of severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 on mother and fetus remain unknown due to a lack of robust evidence from prospective studies. Purpose: This study evaluated the effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on neonatal outcomes and the scope of vertical transmission. Methods: This ambispective observational study enrolled pregnant women with COVID-19 in North India from April 1 to August 31, 2020 to evaluate neonatal outcomes and the risk of vertical transmission. Results: A total of 44 neonates born to 41 COVID-19-positive mothers were evaluated. Among them, 28 patients (68.3%) (2 sets of twins) were delivered within 7 days of testing positive for COVID-19, 23 patients (56%) (2 sets of twins) were delivered by cesarean section; 13 newborns (29.5%) had low birth weight; 7 (15.9%) were preterm; and 6 (13.6%) required neonatal intensive care unit admission, reflecting an increased incidence of cesarean delivery and low birth weight but zero neonatal mortality. Samples of cord blood, placental membrane, vaginal fluid, amniotic fluid, peritoneal fluid (in case of cesarean section), and breast milk for COVID-19 reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction tested negative in 22 prospective delivery cases. Nasopharyngeal swabs of 2 newborns tested positive for COVID-19: one at 24 hours and the other on day 4 of life. In the former case, biological samples were not collected as the mother was asymptomatic and her COVID-19 report was available postdelivery; hence, the source of infection remained inconclusive. In the latter case, all samples tested negative, ruling out the possibility of vertical transmission. All neonates remained asymptomatic on follow-up. Conclusion: COVID-19 does not have direct adverse effects on the fetus per se. The possibility of vertical transmission is almost negligible, although results from larger trials are required to confirm our findings.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.291-299
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• 2004

As there have been growing concerns about the adverse effects of air pollution on birth outcome, studies for this area has been carried out in different populations and sites. We reviewed the epidemiologic studies that evaluated the effects of air pollution on birth outcome such as low birth weight and preterm births. We identified the air pollution exposure during pregnancy was related with low birth weight and preterm birth, although there are differences among studies for the critical period of vulnerability. The biological mechanisms whereby air pollution might influence health of fetus are not clearly established. The exposure to carbon monoxide(CO) during pregnancy could increase fetal carboxyhemoglobin and result in tissue hypoxia. On the other hand, ambient particles less than $10{\mu}m$ in aerodynamic diameter($PM_{10}$) could lead to inflammation and increase blood viscosity. Controlling for potential confounders and valid assessment of exposure are the methodological issues remained in these epidemiologic studies. In the future, more studies are needed to investigate the effect of air pollution on preterm birth or stillbirths, considering the various exposure period and the biological mechanism.

• Advances in pediatric surgery
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2000

Despite of advances in perinatal management and treatment modalities congenital diaphragmatic hernia(CDH) remains a frustrating problem. Although the sheep has proven to be a reliable experimental model for the production of intrauterine CDH, the rabbit may have some advantages. These include lower cost, smaller body size, year-round availability, high number of fetuses per pregnancy, and short gestational period. To evaluate the feasibility of the rabbit model of CDH, twenty-seven pregnant New Zealand rabbits were utilized. Hysterotomy and an operative procedure for creating a diaphragmatic defect on gestational day 24 or 25, in two fetuses of each pregnant rabbit were performed. In one fetus of one cornu of the uterus, the left fetal diaphragm was excised through an open thoracotomy(DH group). In another fetus in the other cornu, CDH was created and the trachea clipped(Surgiclip, USSC, Norwalk, Conn., USA) (TL group). Delivery was by Cesarean section on 30 days of gestation. Among twenty- seven pregnant rabbits, 12 in the DH group and eight in the TL group were born alive. The most common herniated organ was the left lobe of the liver. In thee DH group, the lungs were hypoplastic with decreased lung weight/body weight ratio, reduced numbers of alveoli, thicker media of the pulmonary arteries, and immature alveoli. In TL group, the alveoli were more mature and did not differ from the control animals. In conclusion, (1) pulmonary hypoplasia develops in the fetal rabbit diaphragmatic hernia model and (2) simultaneous tracheal ligation prevents pulmonary hypoplasia.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.614-617
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• 2010

3년령, 암컷 점박이 하이에나가 분만의 증상을 나타내나 분만이 이루어지지 않아 이를 교정하기 위해 충북대학교 동물의료센터에 의뢰되었다. 분만 징후가 관찰된 후 5일이 경과되었고, 스스로 분만이 불가능하였기 때문에 제왕절개를 계획하였다. 수술 전 혈액화학검사 결과 심각한 질소혈증이 관찰되었으며, 수술 중 골반입구를 폐쇄하고 있는 태아의 두부가 요도를 압박하여 배뇨가 불가능하였음을 확인하였다. 또한 확장된 자궁내의 태아는 견관절굴절위를 나타내고 있었으며, 태아의 두부가 골반입구로 진입할 수 없을 정도의 크기를 나타내고 있었다. 태아의 상태는 폐사 후 부패가 진행된 상태였으며, 과다 체중(모체의 약 5%)을 나타냈다. 이 증례는 점박이 하이에나에서 과대태아 및 견관절굴절위로 인한 난산이 신후성 질소혈증을 일으킨 최초의 보고이다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제58권3호
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• pp.77-83
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• 2015

Relative to a fetus of the same gestational age, very low birth weight (VLBW) infants are more likely to be underfed and to undergo growth restriction during their early hospital stay. The current trend towards "early and aggressive" nutritional strategies in VLBW infants aims to overcome the early nutritional deficiency and thereby boost postnatal catch-up growth, simultaneously improving long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes. Although the minimum starting amino acid (AA) dose to prevent negative nitrogen balance is well established, the upper limit and the rate of increase of early AA doses are controversial. Most randomized controlled trials show that early and high-dose (target, 3.5 to 4.9 g/kg/day) AA regimens, with or without high nonprotein calories, do not improve long-term growth and neurodevelopment. High-dose AA supplementation may lead to early metabolic disturbances and excessive or disproportionate plasma AA levels, particularly in infants of very low gestational age. Further large studies are needed to clarify the optimal strategy for early administration of parenteral AA doses in VLBW infants.