• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.262-269
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• 2016

Subway station scales are determined by peak predictions. In this study, the purpose behind the installation of a subway is public transportation convenience and public interest, but economic validity is also important. By proving that the scale of the station is excessive with regard to the target station size for Seoul subway Line 5-8, a reasonable plan. can be sought. According to station installation standards, the area of the station under investigation here is out of the service levels by six stages (A~F), and it must be four or more levels (D). The Actual level for the B level is a two-step design. The Actual ratio for over- Peak predictions is only 17.8% on average. The results of measurements of the excess area and determination of the excessive costs were analyzed by subdividing the area and by calculating it based on the B level, finding that it is possible to provide benefits for customers only in the current design, with an area ratio of 16.3%. Given the weight, it was estimated that current conditions can meet the needs of only 18.6% of the current area. Simplifying the scale calculation method of the station, it is convenient, safe, and advantageous to move citizens only if the scale can be streamlined. Then, with a reduced initial investment, maintenance costs during the operation can be reduced.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.103 no.1
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• pp.137-146
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• 2014

We have developed the Forest Carbon Sink Index on afforestation and reforestation activities, a regulation stated in article 26 of the 'Law on the maintenance and enhancement of carbon sink (Carbon Sink Law)', which took effect on March, 2013. According to the legal purpose to evaluate the performance of individual forest carbon offset projects and to compare each other at a certain point, values of the forest carbon sink index were calculated by the scoring method. Three criteria were established based on the Carbon Sink Law: 'Carbon' (real greenhouse gas reduction), 'Human' (socio-economic effect) and 'Nature' (environmental effect). Continuously, 9 indicators from the three criteria were selected by top-down approach; the adequacy of each criteria and indicators were reviewed through on-line Delphi survey; and finally weighted value of each criteria and indicators were assigned. To reflect the characteristics of the domestic forest carbon offset projects, which focus on corporate social responsibility-typed projects, we applied the score weighting method to minimize gaps among criteria and ones among indicators. After applying our newly developed forest carbon sink index to five domestic forest carbon offset projects, we could confirm that the criteria of 'Human' and 'Nature', which criteria are in relatively low weight, can play a role as an actual incentive to reduce negative socio-economic and environmental impacts. Based on performance evaluation of the five forest carbon offset project by the forest carbon sink index, the best or good performance project developers could be rewarded, and further the performance evaluation would work as an incentive to stimulate the involvement of domestic project developers in the field of forest carbon offset project.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.385-391
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to examine the viability of PDL cells in rat molars by using MTT assay and to verify the MTT assay through the histologic observation. Thirty of Sprague-Dawley white female rats of 4-weeks old with a body weight of about 100 grams were used. Groupings are as follows : Immediate Group : Positive control group(n=10)-after extraction immediately. Dried Group : Negative control group(n=10)-after drying for an hour under warm dry. $ViaSpan^{\circledR}$ Group : 1hour $ViaSpan^{\circledR}$ group(n=10)-after storing in $ViaSpan^{\circledR}{\;}at{\;}4^{\circ}C$ for 1hour. Ten teeth of each group were treated as same as above and replanted to the original socket of experimental animals. After two weeks of replantation. all the experimental animals were sacrificed. And after fixation, extracted maxillary jaw was dimineralized. After it was embedded in paraffin. serial section by $5\mu\textrm{m}$ was carried out and for construction of specimen, hematoxylin-eosin dye was used. The mean MTT measurement of immediate group(positive control) is 2.81 and the mean measurement of dried group(negative control) is 0.98 which is significantt differnt(P<0.05), The mean measurement of $ViaSpan^{\circledR}$ group is 2.65 and there is significant difference between dried group and $ViaSpan^{\circledR}$ group(P<0.05), However, there is no difference between immediate group and $ViaSpan^{\circledR}$ group. The average resorption points of immediate group is 3.03 points. In the dried group, average 6.44 points resorption and 2.68 points showed resorption in the $ViaSpan^{\circledR}$ group. Unlike with MTT assay, there was no significant difference between the immediate group and $ViaSpan^{\circledR}$ group. The usage of MTT assay as a viable cell marker may give us a better indication of the maintenance of periodontal ligament cell vitality.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.53 no.8
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• pp.583-595
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• 2020

In this study, using the RCP scenario for Hyoja Drainage subbasin of Cheonggyecheon, we analyzed the change with the Historical and Future rainfall calculated from five GCMs models. As a result of analyzing the average rainfall by each GCMs model, the future rainfall increased by 35.30 to 208.65 mm from the historical rainfall. Future rainfall increased 1.73~16.84% than historical rainfall. In addition, the applicability of LID element technologies such as porous pavement, infiltration trench and green roof was analyzed using the SWMM model. And the applied weight and runoff for each LID element technology are analyzed. As a result of the analysis, although there was a difference for each GCMs model, the runoff increased by 2.58 to 28.78%. However, when single porous pavement and Infiltration trench were applied, Future rainfall decreased by 3.48% and 2.74%, 8.04% and 7.16% in INM-CM4 and MRI-CGCM3 models, respectively. Also, when the two types of LID element technologies were combined, the rainfall decreased by 2.74% and 2.89%, 7.16% and 7.31%, respectively. This is less than or similar to the historical rainfall runoff. As a result of applying the LID elemental technology, it was found that applying a green roof area of about 1/3 of the urban area is the most effective to secure the lag time of runoff. Moreover, when applying the LID method to the old downtown area, it is desirable to consider the priority order in the order of economic cost, maintenance, and cityscape.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.40 no.6 s.179
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• pp.485-494
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• 2007

This study was performed to evaluate the environmental qualities of the revetment construction methods and the river-facility materials using Life-Cycle-Assessment(LCA) for the nature-friendly design of close-to-nature river, The investigation results on the environmental qualities of energy and materials used to the close-to-nature river plan showed that the environmental impacts per unit weight increased in the order of gasoline > diesel > cement > wood. The environmental impacts per unit area of revetment construction method exhibited that the environmental loadings increased in the order of gabion > revetment > cribwork. In addition, it was observed that the environmental impact was reduced by improving the materials of zinc-galvanized wire. The model basin investigated in this study was the $0.3km^2$ area of river improvement works in Kyung stream, which is a tributary to the Seomjin river and the second regional stream. The research was conducted based on the 30years by life expectancy of artificial facilities. For the comparisons of revetment techniques with respect to the environmental qualities, the method resulted in the highest environmental loadings. The method using ready-mixed concrete ranked second in the environmental loadings of revetment techniques. The present results of this study are expected to play a beneficial role in the nature-friendly design of close-to-nature river by quantitatively identifying the environmental quality of total procedures (i.e., combination of techniques, selection of river-facility materials, maintenance of river-facility) applied to close-to-nature river plan.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.58-64
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• 2006

In the clinical state of vitamin D deficiency, it is possible that associated phosphate depletion, parathyroid hormone excess, and hypocalcemia may all depress the proximal tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate, in addition to abnormal skeletal modeling or remodeling, Although nutritional rickets is considered a rare disease in developed countries nowadays, cases of vitamin D deficient rickets caused by various unhealthy lifestyles such as insufficient exposure to sunlight, breast feeding infants without giving vitamin D supplements, unbalanced vegetarian diets of breast feeding mothers, low-birth weight, and maternal deficiency of vitamin D or calcium are increasing. Here, we present the case of an 8 month old girl, who was completely breastfed without any weaning diet or infant vitamin supplements. She visited our emergency room with hypocalcemic seizure and subsequently was diagnosed with vitamin D deficient rickets accompanied by overt bone changes and proximal renal lobular acidosis. After intravenous(IV) and oral calcium replacement therapy(IV calcium gluconate injection 1 mEq/kg/day for 6 days, 2 mEq/kg/day for 4 days followed by oral calcium gluconate administration 4 g/day for 3 days) with vitamin D supplement(Alfacalcidol 0.5 mcg/day) during admission, serum calcium level was normalized with clinical improvement. Oral sodium bicarbonate(0.6 g/day) was administered from the $2^{nd}$ hospital day for 2 weeks, which normalized the serum bicarbonate(measured by $tCO_2$) level. Calcium and vitamin D replacement were continued for 2 weeks and 3 months each. After discontinuing medications, follow up laboratory findings showed good maintenance of serum calcium, alkaline phosphate and bicarbonate levels with complete improvement of bone X-ray findings.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.424-429
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• 2016

Globally, obesity has been recognized as a serious health problem. Recently, slimming foods for weight loss and maintenance were found to contain anti-obesity drugs, their analogues, and prohibited ingredients. To avoid inspections by the Government, structurally modified analogs have been continuously synthesized. For rapid determination of adulterated slimming products, we simultaneously analyzed 21 illegal compounds using liquid chromatography (LC) equipped with photo diode array, and LC coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. The validation of the method was performed with regard to selectivity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, precision, and accuracy. We purchased 128 samples from the Korean market and online sources in the year 2015. In 31 samples, 3 illegal compounds were detected as follows: 9.9-135.3 mg/g of sibutramine, 0.2-17.5 mg/g of yohimbine, and 1.8 mg/g of icariin. This simultaneous detection method might prove to be a simple and rapid analysis for monitoring illegal compounds in slimming foods.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.1079-1086
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• 2000

Pectinesterase inhibitor(PEI) of ripened kiwi fruit(Actinidia chinensis) was separated with affinity chromatography using CNBr-activated Sepharose 4B being covalently bound by orange pectinesterse(PE). The affinity resin strongly and selectively bound PEI, which could be eluted in high yield as a single peak by pH 9.5 without loss of inhibitory activity. The separated PEI had maintained almost inhibitory activity at $-25^{\circ}C$ and $5^{\circ}C$ during 30 days but lost it at room temperature in 4 weeks. The PEI possessed a molecular weight of 16.6 KDa, as estimated by 12.5% SDS-PAGE. PEI had optimum pH of 7.5, optimum temperature of below $10^{\circ}C$ and stability up to $70^{\circ}C$. Also, optimum inhibitory activity for PEI was obtained in 0.2 M NaCl of substrate solutions. The kind of inhibition on tomato pectinesterase was found to be noncompetitive, using citrus pectin as substrate. Fresh orange juice added with crude PEI extracts maintained almost the same cloud stability as pasteurized juice. In case of apple juice, the addition of crude PEI extracts to apple juice had decrease of L-ascorbic acid with nearly no effect on cloud loss.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.48-54
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• 2019

This research was carried out to investigate the plant growth, inorganic ion and amino acid content characteristics in a halophyte, Suaeda glauca, under different NaCl concentrations for cultivating in the reclaimed land. S. glauca was hydroponically cultivated under 0, 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 mM NaCl concentrations with Hogland's nutrient solution. To evaluate growth response under different NaCl concentrations, plant height and number of branches, dry weight, Fv/Fm value, and photosynthetic efficiency were investigated. To find out physiological characteristic, inorganic ion contents and amino acids in the plant were evaluated. The optimum concentration of NaCl for plant growth were 50 mM. The plant growth were gradually decreased in the concentration ranged from 100 to 400 mM. As increasing of NaCl concentration, Na ion was increased, but K, Ca, Mg ions were decreased in the plant. The amino acid contents were varied due to NaCl concentrations, but most of amino acids content in total plant was the lowest at 50 mM. Conversely, proline was exceptionally high at 50 mM of NaCl concentration. The Fv/Fm value was the highest at 50 mM of NaCl concentration. From these results, the optimum salt concentration for the growth of S. glauca was 50 mM, but the plant seems to adapt in a variety of salt environments in view of the change of ions and amino acids depending on salt concentration and the maintenance of photosynthetic efficiency even under high salt condition.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.115-168
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• 2018

An amendment to Japanese Civil Aeronautics Act came into effect December 10, 2015. The Act prohibits flying drones over residential areas or areas surrounding an airport without permission from the Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation. Flying drones during night time and during an event is also prohibited. The term "UAV" or "UA" means any aeroplane, rotorcraft, glider or airship which cannot accommodate any person on board and can be remotely or automatically piloted (Excluding those lighter than a certain weight (200 grams). Any person who intends to operate a UAV is required to follow the operational conditions listed below, unless approved by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism; (i) Operation of UAVs in the daytime, (ii) Operation of UAVs within Visual Line of Sight (VLOS), (iii) Maintenance of a certain operating distance between UAVs and persons or properties on the ground/water surface, (iv) Do not operate UAVs over event sites where many people gather, (v) Do not transport hazardous materials such as explosives by UAV, (vi) Do not drop any objects from UAVs. Requirements stated in "Airspace in which Flights are Prohibited" and "Operational Limitations" are not applied to flights for search and rescue operations by public organizations in case of accidents and disasters. This paper analyzes some issues as to regulations of UAVs in Korean Aviation Safety Act by comparing the regulations of UAVs in Japanese Civil Aeronautics Act. This paper, also, offers some implications and suggestions for regulations of UAVs under Korean Aviation Safety Act.