• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.63-80
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• 1997

This study attempts to establish the criteria of site selection for establishing solid waste disposal facility, to determine optimal solid waste disposal sites with the criteria, and to examine the suitability of the selected sites. The Multi-Criteria Evaluation(MCE) module in Idrisi is used to determine optimal sites for solid waste disposal. The MCE combines the information from several criteria in interval and/or ratio scale to form a single index of evaluation without leveling down the data scale into ordinal scale. The summary of this study is as follows: First, the considerable criteria are selected through reviewing the literature and the availability of data: namely, percent of slope, fault lines, bedrock characteristics, major residential areas, reservoirs of water supply, rivers, inundated area, roads, and tourist resorts. Second, the criteria maps of nine factors have been developed. Each factor map is standardized and multiplies by its weight, and then the results are summed. After all of the factors have been incorporated, the resulting suitability map is multiplied by each of the constraint in turn to "zero out" unsuitable area. The unsuitable areas are discovered in urban district and its adjacencies, and mountain region as well as river, roads, resort area and their adjacency districts. Third, the potential sites for establishing waste disposal facilities are twenty five districts in Youngyang-gun. Five districts are located in Subi-myun Sinam-ri, nine districts in Chunggi-myun Haehwa-ri and Moojin-ri, and eleven districts in Sukbo-myun Posan-ri. The first highest score of suitability for waste disposal sites is shown at number eleven district in Chunggi-myun Moojin-ri and the second highest one is discovered at number twenty one district in Sukbo-myun Posan-ri that is followed by number nine district in Chunggi-myun Haehwa-ri, number seventeen and twenty three in Sukbo-myun Posan-ri, and number two in Subi-myun Sinam-ri. The first lowest score is found in number six district in Chunggi-myun Haehwa-ri, and the second lowest one is number five district in Subi-myun Sinam-ri. Finally, the Geographic Information System (GIS) helps to select optimal sites with more objectively and to minimize conflict in the determination of waste disposal sites. It is important to present several potential sites with objective criteria for establishing waste disposal facilities and to discover characteristics of each potential site as a result of that final sites of waste disposal are determined through considering thought of residents. This study has a limitation of criteria as a result of the restriction of availability of data such as underground water, soil texture and mineralogy, and thought of residents. To improve selection of optimal sites for a waste disposal facility, more wide rage of spatial and non-spatial data base should be constructed.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.687-696
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• 2015

Black mini tomato 'Hei-G' fruits were harvested at different stages of maturity (immature-mature green and mature-black red) and stored at different temperatures (8, 12, and $20^{\circ}C$) to investigate the quality and lycopene content during storage. Weight loss increased dramatically at higher temperature for both harvesting stages without significant differences. Firmness of immature fruits decreased below the initial level of mature fruit (8.1N) after 5, 8, and 19 days storage, when they were stored at 20, 12, and $8^{\circ}C$, respectively. Soluble solid contents of mature fruit increased at initial storage, and were higher as compared to immature fruits before deterioration at each storage temperature. Decrease in titratable acid of mature fruits depended on storage time and temperature. However, titratable acid of immature fruits showed little change during storage, and so it did not affect flavor. Hunter a value changed greatly in immature fruit stored at high temperature. Unlike ripe tomatoes, there was no significant difference in black tomato Hunter b values of immature and mature fruit at initial and 12 days storage. However, immature fruits stored at $8^{\circ}C$ did not reach full maturity and color development and ripening. High storage temperature increased lycopene production while low storage temperature blocked lycopene development. Shelf life of the immature fruits, which was evaluated by elapsed days to conventional mature stage, was 12 and 15 days when they were stored at 20 and $12^{\circ}C$, respectively. The optimum storage temperature to maintain the quality and lycopene content of mature fruits was $12^{\circ}C$. Moreover, the shelf life of mature fruits stored at $20^{\circ}C$ could reach up to 5 days.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.286-292
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• 2019

This study aimed to investigate the suitable of layer on growth of six baby leaf vegetables using existing facilities and equipment in rice seedling nursery. Three kinds of Lactuca(lettuce 'Jinppallola' and 'Romain white', and indian lettuce), two of Brassica(tatsoi and red tatsoi) and amaranth were used as the materials. After sowing, the rice seedling tray was placed in multi bench system($L120{\times}W60{\times}H195cm$, 10th floor), which were low(1st) layer above 15cm, middle(4th) layer above 115cm and high(7th) layer above 175cm apart from ground. Irrigation was sprayed 2~3 times a day using a automatic irrigation system. The growth characteristics and leaf color were investigated when leaf vegetables were reached the optimum size(within 10cm of plant height). During the culture periods(29th Jun.~31th Jul. 2017), daytime average temperature was $27.4{\sim}28.3^{\circ}C$ regardless of layers but solar irradiance was higher in the high-layer than low and middle-layer of 37% and 22%, respectively. The leaf length, leaf width and number of leaves in middle and high-layer have a tendency to increase but, fresh weight was different according to the layer. When the correlation between accumulation radiation and growth was analyzed, all of growth factor of Amaranth showed a high correlation and other cultivars showed correlation with each growth factors. As a result, It is suitable that amaranth and red tatsoi for high-layer, Indian lettuce and tatsoi for middle and high-layer and 'Romain white' for middle-layer. The growth of red lettuce 'Jinppallola' was good at low layer, but leaf color expression was poor. So the high layer is suitable for 'Jinppallola'.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.954-961
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• 2010

Ground-based remote sensing can be used as one of the non-destructive, fast, and real-time diagnostic tools for quantifying yield, biomass, and nitrogen (N) stress during growing season. This study was conducted to assess biomass and nitrogen (N) status of paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants under N stress using passive and active ground-based remote sensors. Nitrogen application rates were 0, 70, 100, and 130 kg N $ha^{-1}$. At each growth stage, reflectance indices measured with active sensor showed higher correlation with DW, N uptake and N concentration than those with the passive sensor. NIR/Red and NIR/Amber indices measured with Crop Circle active sensors generally had a better correlation with dry weight (DW), N uptake and N content than vegetation indices from Crop Circle passive sensor and NDVIs from active sensors. Especially NIR/Red and NIR/amber ratios at the panicle initiation stage were most closely correlated with DW, N content, and N uptake. Rice grain yield, DW, N content and N uptake at harvest were highly positively correlated with canopy reflectance indices measured with active sensors at all sampling dates. N application rate explains about 91~92% of the variability in the SI calculated from NIR/Red or NIR/Amber indices measured with Crop Circle active sensors on 12 July. Therefore, the in-season sufficiency index (SI) by NIR/Red or NIR/Amber index from Crop Circle active sensors can be used for determination of N application rate.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 2021

A new high speed rotation type-passive sampling device (HSR-PSD), which can rotate seawater at high speed and absorb easily and quickly the freely dissolved hydrophobic organic contaminants from seawater, was developed and then applied around the Korean Peninsula. Freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined using the HSR-PSD with low density polyethylene (LDPE) sheets as a passive sampler. Furthermore, dissolved concentrations (Cdissolved) of PAHs in seawater were also obtained from high volume water sampling as a conventional method to account for actual bioavailability. When the LDPE sheets were rotated in the HSR-PSD at 900 rpm, PAHs with log KOW 3.4 ~ 5.2 were equilibrated between the LDPE and water in 5 hours. Although the high molecular weight PAHs with log KOW 5.6 ~ 6.8 was expected to be 2 to 30 days to reach the equilibrium, the Cfree of the PAHs at equilibrium could be corrected using performance reference compounds in 5 hours. Meanwhile, the total Cfree of PAHs were from 0.32 to 1.2 ng/L, which were higher than reported values in other oceans, but lower than in coastal water such as estuary, harbor, or shore. A bioavailability from the detected PAHs was highest at the sampling line near the dumping site of the Yellow Sea. Predicted residual concentrations in biota were relatively higher in offshore including the dumping site than in coastal regions.

• Clean Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.218-226
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• 2022

As a result of the recent social transformation towards a hydrogen economy and carbon-neutrality, the demands for hydrogen energy have been increasing rapidly worldwide. As such, eco-friendly hydrogen production technologies that do not produce carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions are being focused on. Among them, ammonia (NH₃) is an economical hydrogen carrier that can easily produce hydrogen (H₂). In this study, Ru/Al₂O₃ catalyst coated onmetallic monolith for hydrogen production from ammonia was prepared by a dip-coating method using a catalyst slurry mixture composed of Ru/Al₂O₃ catalyst, inorganic binder (alumina sol) and organic binder (methyl cellulose). At the optimized 1:1:0.1 weight ratio of catalyst/inorganic binder/organic binder, the amount of catalyst coated on the metallic monolith after one cycle coating was about 61.6 g L^-1. The uniform thickness (about 42 ㎛) and crystal structure of the catalyst coated on the metallic monolith surface were confirmed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Also, a numerical optimization regression equation for NH3 conversion according to the independent variables of reaction temperature (400-600 ℃) and gas hourly space velocity (1,000-5,000 h^-1) was calculated by response surface methodology (RSM). This model indicated a determination coefficient (R²) of 0.991 and had statistically significant predictors. This regression model could contribute to the commercial process design of hydrogen production by ammonia decomposition.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.363-371
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• 2023

To construct a ship, blocks of various sizes must be moved and erected . In this process, lugs are used such that they match the block fastening method and various functions suitable for the characteristics of each shipyard facility. The sizes and shapes of the lugs vary depending on the weight and shape of the block structures. The structure is reinforced by welding the doubling pads to compensate for insufficient rigidity around the holes where the shackle is fastened. As for the method of designing lugs according to lifting loading conditions, a simple calculation based on the beam theory and structural analysis using numerical modeling are performed. In the case of the analytical method, a standardized evaluation method must be established because results may differ depending on the type of element and modeling method. The application of this ambiguous methodology may cause serious safety problems during the process of moving and turning-over blocks. In this study , the effects of various parameters are compared and analyzed through numerical structural analysis to determine the modeling conditions and evaluation method that can evaluate the actual structural response of the lug. The modeling technique that represents the plate part and weld bead around the lug hole provides the most realistic behavior results. The modeling results with the same conditions as those of the actual lug where only the weld bead is connected to the main body of the lug, showed a lower ulimated strength compared with the results obtained by applying the MPC load. The two-dimensional shell element is applied to reduce the modeling and analysis time, and a safety working load was verified to be predicted by reducing the thickness of the doubling pad by 85%. The results of the effects of various parameters reviewed in the study are expected to be used as good reference data for the lug design and safe working load prediction.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.27-36
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• 1981

Relatively little has been done on the metabolic changes of the lung produced by the excessive alcohol ingestion to the point of the acute alcohol intoxication. In the present study, an effort was made to clarify the possible changes of the pulmonary surfactant system by the acute alcohol ingestion. The dynamic pulmonary compliance and the levels of protein and inorganic phosphorus (Pi) of both lung lavage and extract were chosen as the parameters of the pulmonary surfactant activities. The albino rats of both sexes were used, and 1.5 ml of 50% ethanol per 100 g body weight was given by oral intubation, and the experiment was performed at 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours after the alcohol ingestion. The rat was sacrificed by cutting the carotid arteries, and blood sample for the determination of hematocrit(Hct) and the blood alcohol concentration was obtained. Both lungs were completely removed without dammage to the lung tissue, and the pulmonary compliance was measured by the changes of pressure-volume(P-V) curves by inflating or deflating the lung with air. Immediately after the P-V curves were recorded, the lung lavage was obtained by washing the lobes with 15ml of isotonic saline 3 times with a syringe. Next, total lungs were homogenized and filtered to obtain the lung extract. The protein and Pi levels were measured using the lung lavage and extract as the samples, and the lung/body weight ratio(L/B ratio) was also calculated. The results thus obtained were compared with the normal values and summarized as follows. The blood alcohol concentration reached the highest level of $0.71{\pm}0.02\;g\;%$ at 1 hr and gradually decreased until 24 hrs$(0.36{\pm}0.02\;g%)$ after the alcohol ingestion, but all the experimental groups showed significant increase comparing with the normal. The highest Hct value was obtained at 1hr$(64.86{\pm}2.45%)$ and significantly elevated value was continued throughout the experiment. The L/B ratio was significantly lowered from 3hrs until 24hrs after the alcohol ingestion but from 6 th hr on, a generally elevated value was observed with a significant value at 12 hrs and gradual recovery to the normal value at 24 hrs after the alcohol ingestion. The pulmonary compliance at inflation and deflation did not change appreciablly from the normal until 3 hrs after the alcohol ingestion but from 6 th hr on, a generally elevated value was observed with a significant value at 12 hrs and gradual recovery to the normal value at 24 hrs after the alcohol ingestion. The protein level of the lung lavage stowed a significantly increased value of $12.36{\pm}0.35\;mg/gm(3rd hr)$, $12.70{\pm}0.74\;mg/gm(12 th hr)$, and $12.65{\pm}0.88\;mg/gm(24 th hr)$, respectively, comparing with the normal value of $10.65{\pm}0.62\;mg/gm$, and the Pi level also showed a similar tendency of significant increase at 12th hr $(7.65{\pm}0.63\;{\mu}mol/gm)$ and 24 th hr$(6.70{\pm}0.36\;{\mu}mol/gm)$ comparing with the normal value of $5.32{\pm}0.20\;{\mu}mol/gm$. The protein level of the lung extract in the alcohol group was generally similar to the normal value with a slight decrease at 1st and 3 rd hr, tut the Pi level of the lung extract was generally increased in the alcohol group, and a significant increase was observed at 6 th hr$(17.77{\pm}1.54\;{\mu}mol/gm)$, 12 th hr$(13.92{\pm}0.78\;{\mu}mol/gm)$ and 24 th hr$(14.57{\pm}0.53\;{\mu}mol/gm)$ of the alcohol ingestion comparing with the normal value of $10.34{\pm}0.37\;{\mu}mol/gm$. From the above, it may be concluded that the acute alcohol intoxication produces the metabolic changes of the lungs by the increased surfactant activities and elevated pulmonary compliance.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.89-115
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• 1968

1. The experiment was carried out for investigating the interaction between potassium nutrition and thermoperiod (as an environment regulating factor) in relation to behaviors of several nutrients including phosphorus-32 and Potassium-42 in IPOMOEA BATAS. 2. To obtain same condition to trace the behaviors of phosphorus and potassum-42 they were simultaneously incorporated to roots. The determination of each CPM by counting twice with adequate interval and calculating true CPM of each isotope according to different half-life, was carried out with satisfactory. 3. Some specific symptoms i.e, chlorosis and withering of growing point under the condition of lower potassium level were found and was accelerated by the low night temperature. 4. A manganese shortage in growing point of the lower potassium level was found by activiation analysis and very low distribution ratio of phosphorus-32 and potassium-42 in the growing point of the lower potassium level was manifested, though the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and magnesium were not in great difference. 5. In addition to the low water content with appearence of "hard", shorterning internode and lower ratio of roots to shoot as well as the symptoms of potassium deficiency such as brown spot in leaf blade and necrosis of leaf margin were appeared at later stage of experiment at the lower potassium level. 6. Very stimulating vegetative growth, e.g, large plant length, leaf expansion, increasing node number and fresh weight as well as high ratio of roots to shoot, high water content was resulted in the condition of higher potassium level. 7. A specific interaction between higher potassium level and thermoperiod was found, that is, the largest tuber production and the largest ratio of roots to shoot were resulted in the combined condition of higher potassium level and constant temperature while the largest plant length, fresh weight etc. i.e. the most stimulative vegetative growth was resulted in the combined condition of higher potassium level and low night temperature. 8. Comparatively low water content in the former condition of stimulative tuber production was resulted(especially at the tuber thickening stage), while high water content in the latter condition of stimulative vegetation was resulted though the higher potassium level made generally high water contents. 9. The nitrogen contents of soluble and insoluble did not make distinct difference between the lower and higher potassium level. 10. Though the phosphorus contents were not distinctly different by the potassium level, the lower potassium level made the percentage of phosphorus increased at tuber forming stage accumulating more phosphorus in roots, while the higher potassium level decreased percentage of phosphorus at that stage. 11. The higher potassium level made distinctly high potassium contents than the lower potassium level and increased contents at the tuber forming stage through both conditions. 12. The sodium contents were low in the condition of higher potassium level than the lower potassium level and decreased at tuber forming stage in both conditions, on the contary of potassium. 13. Except the noticeable deficeney of manganese in the growing point of the lower potassium level, mangense and magnesium contents in other organs did not make distinct difference according to the potassium level. 14. Generally more uptake and large absorption rate of phosphorus-32 and potassium-42 were resulted at the higher potassium level, and the most uptake, and the largest absorption rate of phosphorus and potassium-42 (especially potassium-42 at tuber forming stage) were resulted in the condition of higher potassium level and constant temperature which made the highest tuber production. 15. The higher potassium level stimulated the translocation of phoshorus-32 and potassium-42 from roots to shoots while the lower potassium level suppressed or blocked the translocation. 16. Therefore, very large distribution rate of $p^{32}$, $K^{42}$ in shoot, especially, in growing point, compared with roots was resulted in the higher potassium level. 17. The lower potassium level suppressed the translocation of phosporus-32 from roots to shoot more than that of potassium-42. 18. The uptake of potassium-42 and translocation in IPOMOEA BATATAS were more vivid than phosphorus-32. 19. A specific interaction between potassium nutrition and thermoperiod which resulted the largest tuber production etc. was discussed in relation to behaviors of minerals and potasium-42 etc. 20. Also, the specific effect of the lower and higher potassium level on the growth pattern of IPOMOEA BATATAS were discussed in relation to behaviors of minerals and isotopes. 21. An emphasize on the significance of the higher potassium level as well as the interaction with the regulating factor and problem of potassium level (gradient) for crops product ion were discussed from the point of dynamical and variable function of potassium.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.407-428
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• 1991

The eastern coastal area having variability of climate is located within Taebaek mountain range and the east coast of Korea. It is therefore ease to cause the wind damages in paddy field during rice growing season. The wind damages to rice plant in this area were mainly caused by the Fohn wind (dry and hot wind) blowing over the Taebaek mountain range and the cold humid wind from the coast. The dry wind cause such as the white head, broken leaves, cut-leaves, dried leaves, shattering of grain, glume discolouration and lodging, On the other hand the cold humid wind derived from Ootsuku air mass in summer cause such symptom as the poor rice growth, degeneration of rachis brenches and poor ripening. To minimize the wind damages and utilize as a preparatory data for wind injury of rice in future, several experiments such as the selection of wind resistant variety to wind damage, determination of optimum transplanting date, improvement of fertilizer application methods, improvement of soils and effect of wind break net were carried out for 8 years from 1982 to 1989 in the eastern coastal area. The results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. According to available statisical data from Korean meteorological services (1954-1989) it is apperent that cold humid winds frequently cause damage to rice fields from August 10th to September 10th, it is therefore advisable to plan rice cultivation in such a way that the heading date should not be later than August 10th. 2. During the rice production season, two winds cause severe damage to the rice fields in eastern coastal area of Korea. One is the Fohn winds blowing over the Taebaek mountain range and the other is the cold humid wind form the coast. The frequency of occurrence of each wind was 25%. 3. To avoid damage caused by typhoon winds three different varieties of rice were planted at various areas. 4. In the eastern coastal area of Korea, the optimum ripening temperature for rice was about 22.2$^{\circ}C$ and the optimum heading date wad August 10th. The optimum transplanting time for the earily maturity variety was June 10th., medium maturity variety was May 20th and that of late maturity was May 10th by means of growing days degree (GDD) from transplanting date to heading date. 5.38% of this coastal area is sandy loamy soil while 28% is high humus soil. These soil types are very poor for rice cultivation. In this coastal area, the water table is high, the drainage is poor and the water temperature is low. The low water temperature makes it difficult for urea to dissolve, as a result rice growth was delayed, and the rice plant became sterile. But over application of urea resulted in blast disease in rice plants. It is therefore advise that Ammonium sulphate is used in this area instead of urea. 6. The low temperature of the soil inhibits activities of microorganism for phosphorus utilization so the rice plant could not easily absorb the phosphorus in the soil. Therefore phosphorus should be applied in splits from transplanting to panicle initiation rather than based application. 7. Wind damage was severe in the sandy loamy soil as compared to clay soils. With the application of silicate. compost and soil from mointain area. the sand loamy soil was improved for rice grain colour and ripening. 8. The use of wind break nets created a mocro-climate such as increased air. soil and water temperature as well as the reduction of wind velocity by 30%. This hastened rice growth, reduced white head and glume discolouration. improved rice quality and increased yield. 9. Two meter high wind break net was used around the rice experimental fields and the top of it. The material was polyethylene sheets. The optimum spacing was 0.5Cm x 0.5Cm. and that of setting up the wind break net was before panicle initiation. With this set up, the field was avoided off th cold humid wind and the Fohn. The yield in the treatment was 20% higher than the control. 10. After typhoon, paddy field was irrigated deeply and water was sprayed to reduce white head, glume discolouration, so rice yield was increased because of increasing ripening ratio and 1, 000 grain weight.