• 천문학회지
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• 제48권5호
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• pp.257-265
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• 2015

We present results of long-term multi-wavelength polarization observations of the powerful blazar 3C 279 after its γ-ray flare on 2013 December 20. We followed up this flare with single-dish polarization observations using two 21-m telescopes of the Korean VLBI Network. Observations carried out weekly from 2013 December 25 to 2015 January 11, at 22 GHz, 43 GHz, 86 GHz simultaneously, as part of the Monitoring Of GAmma-ray Bright AGN (MOGABA) program. We measured 3C 279 total flux densities of 22–34 Jy at 22 GHz, 15–28 Jy (43 GHz), and 10–21 Jy (86 GHz), showing mild variability of ≤ 50 % over the period of our observations. The spectral index between 22 GHz and 86 GHz ranged from −0.13 to −0.36. Linear polarization angles were 27°–38°, 30°–42°, and 33°–50° at 22 GHz, 43 GHz, and 86 GHz, respectively. The degree of linear polarization was in the range of 6–12 %, and slightly decreased with time at all frequencies. We investigated Faraday rotation and depolarization of the polarized emission at 22–86 GHz, and found Faraday rotation measures (RM) of −300 to −1200 rad m⁻² between 22 GHz and 43 GHz, and −800 to −5100 rad m⁻² between 43 GHz and 86 GHz. The RM values follow a power law with a mean power law index a of 2.2, implying that the polarized emission at these frequencies travels through a Faraday screen in or near the jet. We conclude that the regions emitting polarized radio emission may be different from the region responsible for the 2013 December γ-ray flare and are maintained by the dominant magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of the radio jet at milliarcsecond scales.

• 천문학회보
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.65.1-65.1
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• 2016

We present results of long-term multi-wavelength polarization observations of the powerful blazar 3C 279 after its ${\gamma}$-ray flare on 2013 December 20. We followed up this flare by means of single-dish polarization observations with two 21-m telescopes of the Korean VLBI Network, carried out weekly from 2013 December 25 to January 11, and at 22, 43, and 86 GHz, simultaneously. These observations were part of the Monitoring Of GAmma-ray Bright AGNs (MOGABA) program. We Measured 3C 279 total flux densities at 22, 43, and 86 GHz, showing a mild variability of a factor of ${\leq}50%$ over the period of our observations. The spectral index ranged from -0.13 to -0.36 at between 22 and 86 GHz. The degree of linear polarization was in the range of 6 ~ 12 %, and slightly decreased with time at all frequencies. We found Faraday rotation measures (RM) of -300 to $-1200rad\;m^{-2}$ between 22 and 43 GHz, and -800 to $-5100rad\;m^{-2}$ between 43 and 86 GHz. The RM values follow a power law ${\mid}RM{\mid}{\propto}{\nu}^{\alpha}$, with a mean ${\alpha}$ of 2.2, implying that the polarized emission at these frequencies travels through a Faraday screen in or near the jet. We conclude that the regions emitting polarized radio emission may be different from the region responsible for the 2013 December ${\gamma}$-ray flare, and that these regions are maintained by the dominant magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of the radio jet at milliarcsecond scales.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.111-120
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• 2012

In Daegu, a road cleaning system was constructed in the central part of the city and has been operated from April, 2011. We evaluated the effect of the system on the concentration of $PM_{10}$ at a roadside monitoring site. The ambient $PM_{10}$ concentration data were logged every 1 min for a period of 20 weeks from May to October, 2011, by means of light scattering method, and then every 5 min data were used in the statistical analysis. The measured data were verified by comparing them with beta-ray data obtained at the same site. Correlation coefficient between the two groups was highly significant (r=0.79), though the absolute levels of light scattering data appeared to be approximately 2.8 times higher than the beta-ray data. Diurnal, daily, weekly, and monthly variations of $PM_{10}$ data did not show any evidence of decreasing effect owing to the clean road system. A comparison of roadside $PM_{10}$ data with non-roadside data also revealed very similar pattern, implying the variation of the $PM_{10}$ concentrations is mainly affected by the traffic conditions near the monitoring site. However, if the operating conditions of the clean road system can be improved, i.e. increasing the frequency and duration of water cleaning, the road cleaning effect may improve the air quality indirectly by means of removing the resuspended particles from the road.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.140-146
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• 2001

In clinical setting, treatment-refractoriness, medication induced tardive dyskinesia and amenorrhea in chronic schizophrenia are frequently problematic. However, there are few guideline solving these problem available to clinicians. The goal of this study was collecting clinical data on clinical effectiveness and predictors of response of switching to olanzapine. We attempted to switch to olanzapine from risperidone and clozapine in chronic 31(risperidone 17, clozapine 14) schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder patients suffering from sustained symptoms, weekly blood monitoring, medication induced tardive dyskinesia and amenorrhea. Previous antipsychotics dosage was gradually decreased for 2 or 3weeks, at the same time olanzapine dosage was gradually increased. At baseline, after 1 week, after 2 weeks and after 4 weeks we checked Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Clinical Global Impression Scale, Sympson-Angus Rating Scale, Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale and followed up after 12 months. Successful switch after 4 weeks was achieved in 25 patients(clozapine 9(64.2%), risperidone 16(94.1%)). Overall, mean BPRS and CGI scores increased significantly. Successful maintenance after 12 months was achieved in 17 patients(clozapine 5(35.7%), risperidone 12(70.5%)). Overall, mean BPRS and CGI scores increased significantly too. Switching to olanzapine from other atypical antipsychotics is recommendable in chronic schizophrenia with treatment refractoriness and drug induced side effect.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.751-760
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was to evaluate the effects of a comprehensive life style modification program on glycemic control and stress response in type 2 diabetes. Method: The participants(n=34) with type 2 diabetes were divided into either a usual care(control) or treatment(experimental) group. The experimental group(n=21) received a program that was based on a comprehensive life style modification protocol at a weekly meeting for 16 weeks. They also participated in individually prescribed exercise and diet along with stress management and self monitoring. The participants were followed for 6 months, during which postprandial glucose, HbA$_{1C]$, and stress response inventory were measured. Result: The experimental group showed a significant lower postprandial glucose and stress response compared to those of the control group. However, there was no significant change in the HbA$_{1C]$ value in either group. Conclusions: These results suggest that a type 2 diabetes comprehensive lifestyle modification program may lead to clinical improvement in glycemic control and reduce the stress response.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2003

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the education using short messaging service(SMS) on fasting blood sugar(FBS) and diabetes adherence. Method : Forty-five diabetic patients being assessed pre and post intervention was used to assess the effectiveness of the education. Participants were requested to input the FBS and 2 hours post-prandial blood sugar everyday in http://www.biodang.com by cellular phone or wire Internet. The goal of the education was to lower FBS and keep diabetes adherence. The education was applied to the for 12 weeks. The education consisted of continuous education and reinforcement of diet, exercise, medication adjustment, as well as frequent self-monitoring of blood glucose levels. The education performed weekly. All medication adjustments were communicated to the participants' doctor. FBS and diabetes adherence were measured before and after the education. Results : The education using SMS of cellular phone had decrease FBS and increase oral medication taking, exercise, foot care, and hypoglycemia preparation adherence.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.467-477
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• 2007

Purpose: To identify the effects of a training program on the knowledge of, attitudes towards child infection, and infection prevention behaviors in staff of daycare centers. Methods: A nonequivalent control group pretest-posttest design study was conducted with 34 staff of 6 daycare centers over 3 months. The staff in the 3 centers designated as the experimental centers received the training program weekly for 8 weeks. The program included on-site education for one and half hours and monitoring of infection prevention behaviors. Knowledge and attitudes of the staff were measured, and their infection prevention behaviors were observed and recorded by research assistants before and after the program. $X^2$-test, t-test, Fisher's exact test, and Mann-Whitney U-test with SPSS Win program were used to analyze the data. Results: The group of staff who received the training program recorded higher scores in knowledge, attitudes, and their infection prevention behaviors compared with staff in the control group. Conclusion: This finding suggests that the training program had a significant impact on knowledge, attitude, and infection prevention behaviors of staff which could prevent child infection in daycare centers. Nurses need to be involved in daycare centers for the health of the children, and they could intervene effectively in child infections by using this program.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.155-163
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• 2008

소프트웨어 프로젝트가 착수 후 성공적으로 종료되기 위해서는, 계획에 따라 프로젝트가 잘 진행이 되고 있는지의 여부를 주기적으로 검토하고 만약 문제가 있을 경우에는 적절한 시정 조치를 취하는 프로젝트 통제활동이 필수적이다. 프로젝트 통제활동은 주간회의나 마일스톤 회의 등과 같이 주기적으로 수행되는 보고회의를 통해 이루어지는데, 이때 프로젝트 관리자는 일정, 비용, 작업성과 등을 검토해 봄으로써 프로젝트의 진행 상태를 파악할 수 있다. 프로젝트 통제활동을 지원하는 방법으로 가장 많이 쓰이고 있는 EVM(Earned Value Management)은 일정과 작업성과에 관한 측정치를 비용으로 산정하여, 일정, 비용, 작업성과를 하나의 그래프에 표현하는 방법이다. 프로젝트 관리자는 EVM을 통하여 비용이라는 하나의 단위로 프로젝트의 작업 성취도와 진도율을 정량적으로 관리 할 수 있다. EVM은 전체작업을 단위작업으로 나누어 각 단위작업의 작업 기간과 작업량을 비용으로 환산하여 관리하는데, 주로 프로젝트의 범위가 초반에 정의되고 단위작업의 크기가 큰 경우에 적용이 쉽고 관리가 편하다. 이러한 이유로 폭포수(Waterfall) 기반의 프로젝트에 주로 적용되고 있다. 그러나 XP(eXtreme Programming)기반의 프로젝트에서는 요구사항이 프로젝트 초반에 완벽히 정의되기가 어렵고 단위작업의 크기가 작아, 프로젝트 초반에는 상위레벨 수준으로만 범위가 정의 되고 반복이 진행되면서 점점 상세한 범위가 정의되기 때문에 EVM이 활용되고 있지 않다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 XP에 EVM을 적용할 수 있는 방안인 3단계(Layer) EVM을 제시하고, 조직이 이를 구축하도록 지원하기 위해 CMMI(Capability Maturity Model Integration)의 PMC(Project Monitoring and Control) 프로세스 영역을 기반으로 프로세스를 정립하고, 그에 따른 적용 지침을 개발하였다.

• 한국해양환경ㆍ에너지학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.203-210
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• 2016

본 연구는 국내에서 유통되고 있는 해조류(김, 다시마, 미역)와 양식장에서 채취한 미가공 김에서 9종의 중금속 함량을 분석하고, 해조류 섭취에 따른 식품 위해성평가를 실시하였다. 가공된 해조류에서의 중금속 함량은 Fe>As>Zn>Cu>Cd>Pb>Cr>Ni>Hg 순으로 높게 나타났다. 미가공 김과 가공 김의 중금속 농도를 비교한 결과 미가공 김이 가공된 김보다 Cd과 Zn을 제외한 7종의 중금속 농도가 높게 나타났다. 해조류에서 검출된 중금속 성분간 상관관계는 미가공 김에서 Cr-Fe간에 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계를 나타내었고, 가공된 김에서 Cu-Cd, Cu-Zn, Cd-Zn, Pb-Ni간에 통계적으로 유의한 상관관계를 나타내었으며, 다시마에서 Cu-Cr, Cu-Zn, Cd-Cr, Ni-Fe간에 높은 상관관계를 나타내었고 미역에서는 Cu-Cd, Cu-Pb, Cd-Ni, Cr-Zn, Cr-Fe, Zn-Fe간에 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다. 미가공 김과 가공 김에서 중금속의 농도차이나 중금속간에 상관관계의 양상이 다른 것을 고려하면 가공과정 중에 중금속에 따라 제거효율이 다른 것으로 예상되어졌다. 해조류를 통한 Cu, Cd, Zn, Fe, Hg의 주간섭취량은 잠정주간섭취허용량의 0.1~7.6%에 해당되므로 해조류 내 중금속 함량은 매우 안전한 농도수준으로 판단된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.787-794
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• 2005

The aim of this study was 1) to confirm the practical efficiency of a routine milk P4 monitoring system for postpartum reproductive management of a dairy herd, and 2) to evaluate the relationship between the blood metabolic profiles, milk quality and body weight of individual cows in the farm records, which may reflect the postpartum nutritional condition, and the time of postpartum resumption of ovarian activity of dairy cows. A total of 116 Holstein cows was used in the present study. First, during the period of Experiment 1, postpartum reproductive management based on weekly measured milk P4 concentration from individual cows was conducted. Compared with the reproductive records of the past two years without P4 monitoring, although the day from calving to first AI did not change, both the number of AI until pregnant (with P4; 1.9 times vs. without P4; 2.9 times) and the days open (with P4; 95.1 days vs. without P4; 135.8 days and 133.8 days) were significantly decreased. In Experiment 2, the measurement of blood constituents such as albumin, blood urea nitrogen, packed cell volume, ammonia, glucose, total cholesterol, non-esterified, AST and $\gamma$-GTP was performed on the blood samples taken once approximately 14 days postpartum, to monitor both health and nutritional conditions. The milk constituent parameters, such as milk protein (MP), milk fat (MF), SNF and lactose, collected from the monthly progeny test of individual cows, were used to monitor the postpartum nutritional status. Furthermore, the data obtained from the routine measurements of body weight were used to calculate the rate of peripartum body weight loss. The resumption day of the postpartum estrous cycle was assumed from the milk P4 profiles of individual cows. There was no clear relationship between each parameter from blood examination and those from resumption time. However, the cows had low values of MP, and SNF, which significantly affected the resumption of the postpartum estrous cycle. Similarly, a higher rate of body weight loss indicated a significant delay (more than 1 month) in the resumption of the postpartum estrous cycle, compared with the groups that had a medium or lower rate of body weight loss. The results of the present study demonstrated that the implementation of routine milk P4 monitoring-based postpartum reproductive management, together with milk quality parameters and routine BW data available in field conditions may be utilized as a practical approach for increasing the postpartum reproductive efficiency of a high yielding dairy herd.