• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.341-346
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• 2022

With the recent paradigm shift towards 'sustainable management', corporate social responsibility is recognized as an important factor for the continuous and long-term growth of a company. This study examines how the perception of CRM performing companies and NGOs affect attitude toward donation. In addition, it was empirically investigates how the perception of donation affects the SNS word of mouth intention. In this study, a total of 180 usable responses were obtained for analysis, and SPSS and AMOS 26.0 were used to verify the validity and hypothesis of the study. As a result of the study, it was found that validity and reliability were secured. As a result of the hypothesis testing, all the hypotheses were supported, but the effect of the perception of the company implementing CRM on the donation attitude was very weakly supported. This study suggests that raising a positive awareness of CRM-performing companies and NGOs collaborating with them is an effective strategy to increase donation attitudes and SNS word-of-mouth intentions for CRM.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.271-284
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• 1994

Purpose : Phospholipase C(PLC) isozymes play significant roles in transmembrane signal transduction. PLC-${\gamma}1$ acts as the intracellular effector in signal transduction for cellular proliferation and differentiation. Ras oncoprotein is also involved in cell growth. We determined the biological significance of PLC and ras oncoprotein in regeneration following radiation and the effect of different modes of administration of 5-FU. Materials and Methods : To determine the effect of the administration mode of 5-FU on the regeneration of intestinal mucosa of rats following radiation, we compared the expression of PLC and ras oncoprotein in six groups. Group I had no treatment. Group II received radiation(8 Gy) only. Group III received radiation(8 Gy) and 5-FU(150mg/kg) continuous intravenous (iv) infusion for 12 hours. Group IV received radiation(8 Gy) and 5-FU(750mg/kg) iv bolus injection. Group V received only 5-FU(150mg/kg) continuous iv infusion for 12 hours, Group VI received only 5-FU (150mg/kg) iv bolus injection. Through immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry, we examined the expression of PLC and ras oncoprotein in rat jejunum at 96 hours after radiation or 5-FU administration and at 120 hours after radiation and 5-FU adminstration. We also investigated the histological findings using hematoxylin and eosin stain. Results : In the immunohistochemistry study, PLC-${\gamma}1$ expression was the highest in group III followed by groups II and VI in that order and was weakly positive in groups V and VI. PLC-${\gamma}1$ was hardly detected in the control group. The expression of ras oncoprotein was the same as the PLC-${\gamma}1$ expression for all groups. These results were confirmed by the histological findings regarding the mucosal regeneration. In the immunoblotting analysis, PLC-${\gamma}1$ expression was the highest in group III followed by group IV and II in that order. This difference between the immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry study was due to the high expression of PLC-${\gamma}1$ on the damaged surface epithelium rather than to its expression in the regeneration region as observed in the immunohistochemistry study for group IV. The expression of PLC-${\delta}1$ was positive only in group V and VI, which received both radiation and 5-FU, and the expression of PLC-${\beta}1$ was negligible for all groups. Conclusion : These results suggest that PLC-${\gamma}1$ mediated signal transduetion and ras oncoprotein may have a significant role in mucosal regeneration after radiation, and that continuous iv infusion of 5-FU may induce active regeneration in intestinal mucosa following radiation. In addition, the expression of PLC-${\delta}1$ in combined group of radiation and 5-FU implies that PLC-${\delta}1$ may be involved in signal transduction mediated by concerted action between radiation and 5-FU.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.32-43
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• 2021

Multichannel automated chamber systems (MCACs) were developed for the continuous monitoring of soil CO2 efflux in forest ecosystems. The MCACs mainly consisted of four modules: eight soil chambers with lids that automatically open and close, an infrared CO2 analyzer equipped with eight multichannel gas samplers, an electronic controller with time-relay circuits, and a programmable logic datalogger. To examine the stability and reliability of the developed MCACs in the field during all seasons with a high temporal resolution, as well as the effects of temperature and soil water content on soil CO2 efflux rates, we continuously measured the soil CO2 efflux rates and micrometeorological factors at the Nam-san experimental site in a Quercus mongolica forest floor using the MCACs from January to December 2010. The diurnal and seasonal variations in soil CO2 efflux rates markedly followed the patterns of changes in temperature factors. During the entire experimental period, the soil CO2 efflux rates were strongly correlated with the temperature at a soil depth of 5 cm (r2 = 0.92) but were weakly correlated with the soil water content (r2 = 0.27). The annual sensitivity of soil CO2 efflux to temperature (Q10) in this forest ranged from 2.23 to 3.0, which was in agreement with other studies on temperate deciduous forests. The annual mean soil CO2 efflux measured by the MCACs was approximately 11.1 g CO2 m-2 day-1. These results indicate that the MCACs can be used for the continuous long-term measurements of soil CO2 efflux in the field and for simultaneously determining the impacts of micrometeorological factors.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.52 no.7
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• pp.135-142
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• 2015

Human-powered self-generating devices have been attractive with its operation characteristic independent from outer environment such as weather condition and wind speed. However, conventional self-generators have low electric power output due to their weakly-coupled electromagnetic structure. More importantly, rotary crank motion which is usually adopted by conventional self-generator to generate electricity requires specific skeletal muscles to maintain large torque circular motion and consequently, causes fatigue on those muscles before it can generate enough amount of electricity for any practical application. Without improvement in electric power output and usability, the human-powered self-generator could not be used in everyday life. This study aims to develop a human-powered self-generator which realized a strong electromagnetic coupling in a closed-loop tubular structure (hula-hoop shape) for easy and steady long-term driving as well as larger electric output. The performance and usability of the developed human-powered generator is verified through experimental comparison with a commercial one. Additionally, human workload which is a key element of a human-powered generator but not often considered elsewhere, is estimated based on metabolic energy expenditure measured respiratory gas analyzer. Further study will focus on output and portability enhancement, which can contribute to the continuous power supply of mobile equipments.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.479-485
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• 2015

This study was conducted to study the factors inducing micro-cracking and determine proper practices to reduce its occurrence in 'Mansoo' pear fruits. Micro-cracking was observed on ripe fruits. Occurrence of micro-cracking was closely related to sun duration time in August. Micro-cracking occurred severely with shorter sun duration, but weakly with longer sun duration and continuous sunlight. Micro-cracking fruits occurred more frequently in trees with a pergola training system than in those with Y-trellis, but there was no difference between the irrigated and non-irrigated groups. While no micro-cracking was observed without fruit bagging, micro-cracking occurred in fruits with black and yellow outer paper bagging at rates of 62.2 and 17.3%, respectively. Our results suggest that the light condition was the most important cause of micro-cracking because the occurrence of micro-cracking in 'Mansoo' fruits was affected by factors including sun duration, trellis system and fruit bag color. We suggested that micro-cracking could be reduced in 'Mansoo' fruit by optimizing the light conditions with the proper trellis system, bagging color and summer pruning.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.730-738
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• 1992

Filtration characteristics according to membrane materials were studied In the ultrafiltration of anaerobic digestion broth as a post treatment method. A series of resistances for different membranes were quantitatively assessed on the basis of the resistance-in-series model. Flux behavior observed with the digestion broth was irrelevant to initial water permeabilities of each membrane. The fluoro polymer membrane showed the most significant improvement of flux with increase of cross-flow velocity, which suggests that the cake layer formed on this membrane is more weakly attached to the membrane surface than those on the other membranes. Flux reduction during longtime running was attrib-used to the polarization layer resistance ($R_p$) as well as the fouling layer resistance($R_f$). Continuous increase of $R_p$ may reflect the variation in the characteristics of cake layers, which could result from size, shape, and structure changes due to lysis and growth of biomass. Hydrophilic cellulosic membrane had a much lower fouling tendency than hydrophobic polysulfone membrane. The depressurization method induced a small increase in flux of $5-10L/m^2/h$. During washing and cleaning, filtrability of each membrane was rapidly recovered within 15 minutes until a stationary value was reached.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.173-183
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• 2012

The nature of surface deformation of Tono granite was investigated using a confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) under water-saturated stress relaxation conditions. A new apparatus was developed for this experiment, enabling continuous measurements of stress-strain and simultaneous observations of surface deformation by CLSM. The amounts of grain contact deformation and intra-granular surface deformation were calculated using a finite element method. The results reveal that intense grain contact deformation and intra-granular surface deformation occurred during the period of stress relaxation, and that the intensity of this deformation increased with increasing applied stress. Finite element method (FEM) results show that the strain of grain boundary was greater than strain of inter-granular surface. Contour maps of these local strains were compiled for individual grains and their boundaries, revealing intense deformation at the boundaries between biotite and quartz under compressional stress. This result was a consequence of the mechano-chemical effect of biotite and quartz minerals. Biotite in granite has a layered structure of iron-magnesium-aluminum silicate sheets that are weakly bonded together by layers of potassium ions. In contrast, quartz occurs as stable spherical grains.

• Educational Technology International
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.17-39
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships among organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and learning organization culture. This study was conducted in five sub-organizations of one Korean conglomerate company. One thousand employees were randomly and proportionately selected, with 669 useable cases obtained, for a response rate of 67%. The organizational commitment instrument used from the "affective, continuance, and normative commitment" scale (ACNCS) of Allen and Meyer (1990). The "Dimensions of Learning Organization Questionnaire" of Watkins and Marsick (1997) was used to measure learning organization culture. The short form MSQ (Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire), developed by Weiss, Dawis, England, and Lofquist (1967), was the third instrument used. Descriptive statistics, correlational statistics, and inferential statistics (ANOVA and t-tests) were used. Organizational commitment (except for continuance) is moderately and positively related to job satisfaction and moderately and positively related to learning organization culture. In addition, learning organization culture is weakly to moderately and positively related to job satisfaction. No differences by age were found. Four-year college graduates are more likely to have higher creating continuous learning opportunities in learning organization culture than graduate school degree holders. Males are likely to have higher affective and continuance organizational commitment than females. Employees working in R&D, Engineering, and Manufacturing (REM) are likely to have higher continuance organizational commitment than do other types of jobs. Employees are more likely to have higher learning organization culture and job satisfaction than assistant managers. Assistant managers have higher continuance organizational commitment than managers. Managers generally have higher organizational commitment, learning organization culture, job satisfaction than assistant managers. They also have higher learning organization culture than employees. Employees who had worked for less than four years in their current job and organization have higher promoting inquiry and dialogue in learning organization culture than those who have worked for ten years or more. Employees in the insurance organization have higher affective organizational commitment, learning organization culture, and job satisfaction than those of the other organizations. Finally, employees of the electronic company have higher continuance organizational commitment in learning organization culture than those of other companies. In summary, this research enables CEOs and HRD and HRM practitioners to view organizational commitment, learning organization culture, and job satisfaction as important variables in exploring diverse ranges of topics related to the workplace. And then, they can diversely apply their management, interventions and practices to fit these diverse characteristics.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.125-139
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• 2010

Behavior of heavy metals and arsenic in the tailings of Songcheon Au-Ag mine was characterized via both mineralogical and geochemical methods. Mineral composition of the tailings was investigated by X-ray diffractometry, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and electron probe micro-analyzer (EPMA) and total concentrations of heavy metals and arsenic and their chemical forms were analyzed by total digestion of aqua regia and sequential extraction method, respectively. The results of mineralogical study indicate that the tailings included mineral particles of resinous shape mainly consisting of galena, sphalerite, pyrite, quartz, and scorodite, and specifically socordite was identified in the form of matrix. EPMA quantitative analyses were performed to evaluate the weatherability of each mineral, and the results suggest that it decreased in the sequence of arsenopyrite > galena > sphalerite > pyrite. The weathering pattern of galena was observed to show distinctive zonal structure consisting of secondary minerals such as anglesite and beudantite. In addition, almost all of arsenopyrite has been altered to scorodite existing asmatrix and galena, sphalerite, and pyrite which have lower weatherability than arsenopyrite were identified within the matrix of scorodite. During the process of alteration of arsenopyrite into scorodite, it is likely that a portion of arsenic was lixiviated and caused a great deal of detrimental effects to surrounding environment. The results of EPMA quantitative analyses verify that the stability of scorodite was relatively high and this stable scorodite has restrained the weathering of other primary minerals within tailings as a result of its coating of mineral surfaces. For this reason, Songcheon tailings show the characteristics of the first weathering stage, although they have been exposed to the surface environment for a long time. Based on the overall results of mineralogical and geochemical studies undertaken in this research, if the tailings are kept to be exposed to the surface environment and the weathering process is continuous, not only hazardous heavy metals, such as lead and arsenic seem to be significantly leached out because their larger portions are being partitioned in weakly-bound (highly-mobile) fractions, but the potential of arsenic leaching is likely to be high as the stability of scorodite is gradually decreased. Consequently, it is speculated that the environmental hazard of Songcheon mine is significantly high.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2016

The growth of Italian ryegrass (IRG) after wintering was very low in 2015 when IRG was broadcasted under growing rice in fall of 2014. To determine growth inhibitory factors of IRG, we examined the growth conditions of IRG in Nonsan region and meteorological conditions in Daejeon nearby Nonsan. Minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. $8^{th}$ and $9^{th}$ of 2015 after wintering of IRG were $8.8^{\circ}C$, 10.7 m/s and $12.4^{\circ}C$, 9.6m/s, respectively. Air temperature was suddenly dropped due to strong wind with snow showers, which had unfavorable effect on root growth of IRG exposed at the soil surface. The minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. $12^{th}$, $13^{th}$, and $14^{th}$ of 2015 were $4.1^{\circ}C$, 11.6 m/s, $-5.6^{\circ}C$, 10.3 m/s, and $-4.7^{\circ}C$, 7.5 m/s, respectively. The growth circumstance of IRG was not good because soil was dried due to drought continued from January. The minimum temperature and maximum instantaneous wind speed on Feb. $26^{th}$, $27^{th}$, and $28^{th}$ of 2015 were $1.8^{\circ}C$, 13.7 m/s, $-3.5^{\circ}C$, 10.6 m/s, and $4.1^{\circ}C$, 6.8 m/s, respectively. The number of wilting of IRG was more than 59% until Mar. $3^{rd}$ of 2015. IRG faced irreparable environment (low minimum temperatures and extreme instantaneous wind speeds) for 9 days from Mar. $4^{th}$ to Mar. $12^{th}$ of 2015. The main reason for the decrease of IRG productivity was collection delay of rice straw after rice harvest because there was continuous rain between Oct. and Nov. of 2014. For this reason, weakly grown IRG under rice straw was withered after wintering. IRG was withered by frost heaving, drought, and instantaneous wind speed in the spring. Furthermore, the root of IRG was damaged while growing in excess moisture in the surface of paddy soil during the winter season due to rain.