• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.401-413
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• 2002

In this paper, we consider hyperstructures (H,.) defined on the set H = {e, a, b}. We study the hyperstructure of H when every element is one of a scalar unit, a unit or a weak scalar. On those conditions the $H_{\upsilon}$-quasigroups are classified. And we obtain the 15 minimal $H_{\upsilon}$-groups and 2 non-quasi $H_{\upsilon}$-semigroups For these we use the Mathematica 3.0 computer programs.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.9-17
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• 2001

Vogiouklis introduced $H_v$-hyperstructures and gave the "open problem: for $H_v$-groups, we have ${\beta}^*={\beta}^{\prime\prime}$. We have an affirmative result about this open problem for some special cases. We study ${\beta}$ relations on $H_v$-quasigroups. When a set H has at least three elements and (H, ${\cdot}$) is an $H_v$-quasigroup with a weak scalar e, if there are elements $x,y{\in}H$ such that xy = H \ {e}, then we have (xy)(xy) = H.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.373-377
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• 2016

Background: Experiments with small electrochemical apparatus were previously carried out for detecting low-energy neutrinos under irradiation of reactor neutrinos and under natural neutrino environment. The experimental result indicated that the output current of reactor-neutrino irradiated detector was appreciably larger than that of natural environmental one. Usual interaction cross-sections of neutrinos are quite small, so that they do not explain the experimental result at all. Materials and Methods: To understand the experimental data, we propose that some biological products may generate AV-type scalar field B0, leading to a large interaction cross-section. The output current generation is ascribed to an electrochemical process that may be assisted by weak interaction phenomena. Dissolved oxygen concentrations in the detector solution were measured in this study, for the purpose of understanding the mechanism of the detector output current generation. Results and Discussion: It was found that the time evolution of experimental output current was mostly reproduced in simulation calculation on the basis of the measured dissolved oxygen concentration. Conclusion: We mostly explained the variation of experimental data by using the electrochemical half-cell analysis model based on the DO concentration that is consistent to the experiment.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.52-75
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• 2021

The current Korean labour movement is at an impasse that is partly sustained by the idea of "strong" transnational corporations (TNCs) versus "weak" labour, and this perception is based on the "global-local dichotomy," wherein TNCs are depicted as abstract and structured entities operating at the global scale and workers are represented as having a concrete and weak presence within the local sphere. As an alternative perspective to break this "global" capital vs. "local" labour dichotomy, I focus on labour geography, which assumes that labour is not simply a factor of production but a sentient spatial actor that (un-)intentionally produces the landscape of capitalism. Borrowing insights from the multi-scalar perspective, this paper aims to understand the actual methods in which workers utilize spatial strategies through an empirical case study of the Nestlé Korea labour union strike in 2003. Based on this case study, this paper claims that workers are both capable of employing coordinated multi-scalar practices and can be more influential to the economic geographies of TNCs. Additionally, it suggests that workers' scalar practices are actually more complicated and multi-directional as a result of their complex and dynamic interactions with political, economic and cultural forces and actors at diverse geographical scales.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.62.2-62.2
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• 2018

From the gaussian, near scale-invariant density perturbations observed in the CMB to the late time clustering of galaxies, CDM provides a minimal theoretical explanation for a variety of cosmological data. However accepting this explanation, requires that we include within our cosmic ontology a vacuum energy that is ~122 orders of magnitude lower than QM predictions, or alternatively a new scalar field (dark energy) that has negative pressure. Alternatively, modifications to Einstein's General Relativity have been proposed as a model for cosmic acceleration. Recently there have been many works attempting to test for modified gravity using the large scale clustering of galaxies, ISW, cluster abundance, RSD, 21cm observations, and weak lensing. In this work, we compare various modified gravity models using cosmic shear data from the Deep Lens Survey as well as data from CMB, SNe Ia, and BAO. We use the Bayesian Evidence to quantify the comparison robustly, which naturally penalizes complex models with weak data support. In this poster we present our methodology and preliminary constraints on f(R) gravity.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.1135-1161
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• 2010

The interpretations of degree expressions require the postulation of new entities to represent degrees. Diverse entities such as degrees, intervals, and vectors are adopted for degree expressions. Positive degree sentences and questions are properly construed with the introduction of these entities, but their negative counterparts need more consideration. Negative degree sentences show dual patterns of entailments depending on contexts, and negative degree questions are unacceptable, making weak islands. To explicate the distinct nature of negative degree sentences and questions, Fox & Hackl (2006) provide an analysis based on degrees while Abrusan & Spector (2010) suggest a proposal in interval readings of degree expressions. I have pointed out the theoretical problems of these analyses and proposed an alternative in the framework of the vector space semantics, following Winter (2005). Bi-directional scales in vector space fit well with the dual patterns of negative degree sentences, and the notion of a reference vector is useful to accommodate the contextual influence in negative degree sentences and to deal with the unacceptability of negative degree questions.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.40.4-41
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• 2018

The current 'standard model' of cosmology provides a minimal theoretical framework that can explain the gaussian, nearly scale-invariant density perturbations observed in the CMB to the late time clustering of galaxies. However accepting this framework, requires that we include within our cosmic inventory a vacuum energy that is ~122 orders of magnitude lower than Quantum Mechanical predictions, or alternatively a new scalar field (dark energy) that has negative pressure. An alternative approach to adding extra components to the Universe would be to modify the equations of Gravity. Although GR is supported by many current observations there are still alternative models that can be considered. Recently there have been many works attempting to test for modified gravity using the large scale clustering of galaxies, ISW, cluster abundance, RSD, 21cm observations, and weak lensing. In this work, we compare various modified gravity models using cosmic shear data from the Deep Lens Survey as well as data from CMB, SNe Ia, and BAO. We use the Bayesian Evidence to quantify the comparison robustly, which naturally penalizes complex models with weak data support. In this talk we present our methodology and preliminary results that show f(R) gravity is mildly disfavoured by the data.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.113-125
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• 2018

Since the global positioning system receivers on the surface of the Earth use satellite signals sent from a remote distance and the intensity of received signals is weak, they are vulnerable to jamming. This paper implements a vector-tracking loop (VTL)-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receiver algorithm as an anti-jamming technique and compares the performance of VTL-based receivers with that of scalar-tracking loop (STL) that is used in general GNSS receivers at various jamming environments and a vehicle's dynamics. The simulation results shows that VTL is more robust against jamming than STL in all operating environments.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.80-86
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• 2000

Eddy covariance method is widely used in measuring vertical fluxes of mass and energy between the atmosphere and the biosphere. In this method, scalar concentration is measured with either open-path or closed-path sensors. For the latter, fluctuations of scalar concentration are attenuated as the sample travels through a long tube, resulting in flux loss. To quantify this tube attenuation, water vapor concentrations measured with both closed-path and open-path sensors were analyzed. Our statistical analysis showed that the power spectral density obtained from the closed-path sensor was different from that from the open-path sensor in the frequency range of > 0.5 Hz. The loss of water vapor flux due to tube attenuation was < 5% during midday. At nighttime, however, the flux loss increased significantly because of the low wind speeds and the weak turbulence sources. Theoretical calculation for the tube attenuation showed a small bias in high frequency range probably because of the interaction of sticky water vapor with a tube wall.

• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.81-85
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• 2021

The purpose of this paper is to measure the relative efficiency of the police agencies in Korea with data collected from 2018 to 2020, using data envelopment analysis (DEA), as put forward by Charnes et al., which is used to construct a scalar measure of efficiency for all police agencies. The results of this study can be used to assist police agencies in delivering better and more efficient services to the community. The analytical results based on DEA identify potentially weak and strong police agencies on policing performance, their efficient benchmarking, and the levels of clear-ups that would make inefficient police agencies efficient. We could suggest that higher levels of the police force are associated with higher performance efficiency against crimes. But, it is a little hard to say that higher levels of the police force can keep the local police agencies efficient without explaining the contribution of other input variables to criminal arrest and prevention. On the other hand, our analysis presents that differences in operating environments and socioeconomic factors do not have a significant influence on the efficiency of local police agencies. But, it is necessary to note that we need to examine the effect of environments and socioeconomic factors on crime to create the better-policing performance.