• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.639-654
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• 2016

This study building materials by relates to human hazard assessment in accordance with the combustion gas SEM, the flame-retardant foam FTIR and cone calorimeter to configure the Forest products of MDF and preservative treated Lauan two kinds of Retardant styrofoam, Styrofoam, Urethane foam and gypsum board four kinds of plastics material by the combustion gas were each analyzed. MDF was burned to the structure of the wood and the glue evenly mixed combustion area preservative treated Lauan, kept constant even in the form of high heat to penetrate deep into the wood flame retardant agents. Retardant styrofoam is due to feed my Dropped dissolved inorganic flame retardant without the fire-stick and confirmed that the weak form of gypsum board, but keep the column. In MDF ammonia ($NH_3$), lethal concentration (750 ppm) compared to 795 ppm, preservative treated Lauan is carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) that was greater than 2.5 times the lethal concentration (100,000 ppm) to 256,965 ppm, the lethal concentration (500 ppm) of hydrogen chloride (HCl). The Urethane greater than 697 ppm, 434 ppm also greatly exceeding the nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$) lethal concentration (250 ppm) in Retardant styrofoam and 398 ppm was released. It is confirmed that the human body is extremely harmful gas emitted from most of the materials to be utilized as basic data for evaluating the hazard-specific human future building material.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.345-352
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• 2005

In up-to-date information anger time it is caused by with business of traffic accident control and analysis and two time it accomplishes a business. National Police Office which controls a traffic accident does not execute an up-to-date technique. And, it is working yet by the hand, There is to traffic accident analysis and the research regarding the analysis against the research which it follows in geography element and composition element and an accident cause is weak. Consequently, effectively establishment and it enforces a traffic safety policy and from the hazard which it evaluates traffic accident data the system and scientific analysis against a traffic accident occurrence cause and a feature in basic must become accomplished. The research which it sees constructs a traffic accident data in GIS base. It is like that, it uses the PDA where is not the collection of data of text form in existing and at real-time it converts store and an accident data rightly in standard traffic accident data form and it will be able to manage. It was related with a space data peculiarity and the research regarding the system development with the geography analysis data about an accident cause under manifesting it accomplished.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 1999

Aceclofenac is an non-steroidal antiinflammatory drug which has been used in the treatment of rheumatoidal rthritis and osteo-arthritis. In order to decrease the gastric ulcerogenic effects and contol the plasma level of aceclofenac, we have developed the transdermal delivery system of aceclofenac plaster, which were formulated employing matrix polymers of acrylates and penetration-enhancers such as $Lauroglycol^{\circledR}$, $Transcutol^{\circledR}$, oleic acid and linoleic acid. Using Franz diffusion cells mounted with a rat skin, transdermal penetration characteristics of the formulations were evaluated by the HPLC assay of aceclofenac and diclofenac, an active metabolite, in the receptor compartment of pH 7.2 phosphate buffered solution. Skin penetration was increased when the content of aceclofenac increased, showing the flux $(J,\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr)$ of 0.37 and 2.50 for 2% and 6.75% of the content, respectively. The flux$(J,\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr)$ from plasters made of $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2074, $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2510 and $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2097 were 2.50, 2.77 and 4.39, respectively. $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2074 showed the lowest penetration due to the carboxylic acid group in the polymer, which might form a strong hydrogen bonding with a secondary amine of aceclofenac. Although both $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2510 and $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2097 are amine-resistant adhesives, $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 872510 showed lower penetration than $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2097 because of the hydroxyl group in $Durotak^{\circledR}$ 87-2510, which might form a weak hydrogen bonding with aceclofenac. These results reveal that the functional group in acrylic polymers would greatly affect the release of aceclofenac from the matrix, which is the rate-limiting step in the penetration of aceclofenac through rat skins. The penetration of aceclofenac from plasters using different penetration-enhancers increased in the following order: Transcutol < linoleic acid < oleic acid. And the flux from the plasters containing oleic acid as a penetrationenhancer was 2.22 times greater than that of creams, which suggest that a newly deveolped aceclofenac plaster could be used in the treatment of rheumatoidal arthritis and osteo-arthritis as an advanced transdermal delivery system.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.141-153
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• 1991

The optimal choice of the tax rate and the inflation rate framework is extended to yield relevant interpretations for the optimal fiscal and monetary policy regime in Korea. To study the relationship between the government budget and monetary growth in different environments of policy coordination, two models assuming different degrees of fiscal dominance are developed. By modelling differing institutional arrangements of the fiscal and the monetary authority from an optimal government finance viewpoint, we find the optimal relationship among some important fiscal and monetary variables. By testing the existence of the relationship empirically, we find the characteristics of the optimal policy-mix regime in Korea. The first model-the strong from of fiscal dominance-studies the optimal collection of seigniorage in a period-by-period optimization with standard assumptions on the income velocity of money, deriving a general testable result: the optimal inflation/tax rate ratio co-vary with the marginal revenue ratio. The second model-the weak form of fiscal dominance-studies an implication of the inflationary bias of discretionary monetary policy in the presence of fiscal side distortions. This model shows that the tax rate and the inflation rate can have a positive correlation. Empirical tests of the theoretical results are done for the Korean economy for 1972-1989 period. The test results show that the macroeconomic policy regime in Korea can be characterized by the strong form of fiscal dominance, implying the importance of the government budget in explaining money growth and inflation.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.191-222
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• 2010

Revisioned labour law was confirmed by vote of National Assembly on 1st January 2010. Under revisions labour law the necessity was expressed to reconstruct and change the relationship between labour and management in hospital. This study was described to investigate the operational statement of labour union in general hospital and to investigate how the labour policy would be change and which form would be appear in labour union in hospital. The survey results which was operated targeting labour managers in hospital were as follows ; first, in the possibility of plural labour unions establishment, university hospital labour managers forecasted the possibility as high. but non-university hospital labour managers forecasted the possibility as low. second, even though the plural union labours would be established in hospitals there would be no difficulties in collective bargaining between labour and management. third, the labour union activities would not be shrink even though there would be wage pay prohibition for the full-time union laboures. As the wage pay prohibition acted on the full-time union labours, countermeasures are required as follows; first, there is a possibility that there will be diversity in the form of full-time union labours. It is need to make the criterion of hospital about the limit of full-time labour union members. It is need to make the criterion of labour activities of non-working hour exception. It is need to cope with the diverse demands of labour union which aim to solve the financial burdens. As the plural labour unions are permitted it is need to make countermeasures as follows ; To analyze whether there is a possibility by the establishment of new labour to be plural labour unions. To establish the countermeasures in short-term aspect to make the countermeasures to cope with the establishment of plural labour unions. In long-term aspect to establish labour and management strategies. Henceforth, found on the revisions labour law, it is need to provide in hospitals as follows; first, it is need to prepare labour management policies and substitutes which suitable for plural labour union period. Second, it is need to determine concretely on the related matters of the union labours and to develop the conclusion guidelines which preparing infective criteria. Third, to examine the effects on the hospital organization by organizational forms of labour union which is weak in financial aspect.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.438-453
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• 2019

Background: To investigate the trends of succession occurring at the Pinus thunbergii forests on the lowlands of Jeju Island, we quantified the species compositions and the importance values by vegetation layers of Braun-Blanquet method on the Pinus thunbergii forests. We used multivariate analysis technique to know the correlations between the vegetation group types and the location environmental factors; we used the location environment factors such as altitudes above sea level, tidal winds (distance from the coast), annual average temperatures, and forest gaps to know the vegetation distribution patterns. Results: According to the results on the lowland of Jeju Island, the understory vegetation of the lowland Pinus thunbergii forests was dominated by tall evergreen broad-leaved trees such as Machilus thunbergii, Neolitsea sericea, and Cinnamomum japonicum showing a vegetation group structure of the mid-succession, and the distribution patterns of vegetation were determined by the altitudes above sea level, the tidal winds on the distance from the coast, the annual average temperatures, and the forest gaps. We could discriminate the secondary succession characteristics of the Pinus thunbergii forests on the lowland and highland of Jeju Island of South Korea. Conclusions: In the lowland of Jeju Island, the secondary succession will progress to the form of Pinus thunbergii (early successional species)→Machilus thunbergii, Litsea japonica (mid-successional species)→Machilus thunbergii (late-successional species) sequence in the temperate areas with strong tidal winds. In the highland of Jeju Island, the succession will progress to the form of Pinus thunbergii (early successional species)→Neolitsea sericea, Eurya japonica (mid-successional species)→Castanopsis sieboldii (late-successional species) sequence in the areas where tidal winds are weak and temperatures are relatively low. However, local differences between lowland and highland of Jeju Island will be caused by the micro-environmental factors resulting from the topographic differences and the supply of tree seeds. From the characteristics of succession study, we could properly predict and manage the Pinus thunbergii forest ecosystem on lowland and highland of Jeju Island.

• Korea and Global Affairs
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.45-68
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• 2018

This study is focused on viewing the March 1st Movement, a national movement uprisen nationwide during the Japanese occupation period, and women's independence movement from an angle of worldpeace. The March 1st Movement was held nationwide when our national sovereignty was lost, and it can be defined as a form of peace movement in view of world history. Particularly, the March 1st Movement was the people's independence movement without distinction of class, region and sex. The direction of national independence and freedom implied in the independence movement during that time period needs to be interpreted newly in view of world peace. Firstly, the urgent task to complete during that period was to accomplish independence in view of the times and the national people, and it was a form of peace movement. Secondly, the women who participated in the March 1st Movement changed into spontaneous participants or activists for the national independence movement and, thereafter, continued a history of women's independence movement of Korea. Lastly, the March 1st Movement became widespread domestically and to foreign countries such as China, Japan, Russia, Europe and America, so that its spirit of freedom and peace appealed to the weak countries in Asia. Furthermore, it worked as a spiritual support for the independence movement of Korea. As mentioned above, the March 1st Movement needs to be newly understood in view of world peace, and, out of that movement, Korean women's independence movement deserves a highlight as a peace movement stream in the world history of women.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.291-307
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• 2001

In today's environmental engineering practice, many technologies such as GIS have been adopted to analyze chemical and biological process in water bodies and pollutants movements on the land surface. However, the linkage between spatially represented land surface pollutants and the in-stream processes has been relatively weak. This lack of continuity needs to develop a method in order to link the spatially-based pollutant source characterization with the water quality modeling. The objective of this thesis was to develop a two-way(forward and backward) link between ArcView GIS software and the USEPA water quality model, WASP5. This thesis includes a literature review, the determination of the point source and non-point source loadings from WASP5 modeling, and the linkage of a GIS with WASP5 model. The GIS and model linkage includes pre-processing of the input data within a GIS to provide necessary information for running a model in the forms of external input files. The model results has been post-processed and stored in the GIS database to be reviewed in a user defined form such as a chart, or a table. The interface developed from this study would provide efficient environment to support the easier decision making form water quality management.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.27-35
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• 2021

This study investigated the status of the wh-island constraint in Seoul Korean. The syntactic movement of a wh-phrase out of an embedded sentence so as to have wide scope at LF is known to be invalid as it violates the wh-island constraint, but there have been studies in which such a movement was possible when the sentence is read with a wh-intonation. We conducted perceptual tests in which subjects were asked to select an answer after listening to each of the four types of interrogative sentences. Three of them were with 'Nugu-leul', which is an accusative form of the wh-phrase 'who' as well as an indefinite form. The fourth sentence contained the name of a person. 'Nugu-leul' and the noun were positioned in the same embedded sentence to see whether the subjects accepted a matrix scope interpretation of the wh-phrases. Response time was transformed to normalized log response time and checked to find any differences in the time taken to select the answers depending on different types of interrogative sentences. The results showed the subjects had a definite preference for the matrix scope interpretation for the sentences with a wh-intonation. The response time required to select the matrix scope interpretation was longer than for any other type of interrogative sentence. We concluded that the wh-island constraint in Seoul Korean is weak.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.135-146
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• 2022

In order to prevent microbial contamination and safely use cosmetics, it is essential to possess preservative power. In this study, the antifungal effect was confirmed by improving the preservative system of the aqueous dispersion formulation, which has a weak preservative power against fungi, and various preservative systems were established to strengthen the preservative power against fungi. Five kinds of raw materials (sodium anisate, p-anisic acid, caprylhydroxamic acid, o-cymen-5-ol, hydroxyacetophenone) that have a benzene ring structure having a hydroxyl group and exist as protonated form in cosmetic formulations expected to improve antifungal activity in cosmetics were selected, and the minimum growth inhibitory concentration of the raw materials was determined through MIC assay. It was confirmed that the preservative power against mold was improved through the preservative efficacy test of 4 types of water dispersion formulations (cream, lotion, toner, and sun cream) in which 4 types of raw materials showing antimicrobial activity against mold were added to the preservative system. When p-anisic acid was used, it was confirmed that the preservative activity against mold was strengthened without the effect of inhibiting the preservative power against bacteria and yeast in all four formulations.