• 한국의류학회지
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• 제33권10호
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• pp.1655-1664
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• 2009

Chitosan is an environment-friendly and natural cationic polymer that can be used as a hair cosmetic additive. Healthy hair and damaged hair samples were experimented on according to treatment conditions using a water-soluble chitosan. Chitosan treated hair samples were studied on the physical and mechanical property changes. It is most effective when the water-soluble chitosan treatment was adjusted to the Neutral (pH6.8) or Acid (pH4.5). When the water soluble chitosan was treated at pH4.5, the tensile strength, tensile elongation, and elasticity of decolorized hair all increased. The virgin and damaged hair both changed into elastic and soft hair. The effect of chitosan treatment is more noticeable in the healthy hair than in the damaged hair.

• 대한핵의학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.123-129
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• 1993

$^{85}Sr$만을 투여한 대조군에 비해 $^{85}Sr$의 오염에 앞서 3% 카이토산을 체내에 투여한 경우 $^{85}Sr$의 체내 잔존율이 서서히 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 그 배출효과에 있어서 위장관에 의해 1일 1회 5일간의 연속투여군에서는 1회 단일투여의 경우와 유사하게 나타났으나 수용성 카이토산의 경우 1회 투여군에서는 불용성에 비해 큰 차이를 보이지 않았고, 1일 1회 5일 간의 연속 투여군에서는 약2배 이상 그 배출율이 증가하여 연속적으로 투여하였을 때 방사선 스트론튬이 체내대사에 영향을 줄 수 있음을 시사하였다. 배출물의 경우 변증으로 대부분이 배출되며 카이토산의 투여군에서는 뇨를 통한 배출은 대조군에 비해 높게 나타났고 수용성 카이토산의 투여군에 의해 방사성 스트론륨의 소화관 흡수가 저해되어 결과적으로 배출이 촉진될 뿐만 아니라 골대사 중에 작용하여 표적 기관으로부터 $^{85}Sr$을 추출시키는데도 관여할 가능성을 시사했다. 결론적으로 본 실험에서는 수용성 카이토산과 불용성 카이토산이 방사능 방호약제로 유효하게 쓰일 수 있으며 그중 3% 수용성 카이토산은 연속적으로 투여 한 경우 $^{85}Sr$의 체내 대사에 영향을 미쳐 장기간 투여시 $^{85}Sr$을 체외로 배출시 키는데 기여 할 수 있으리라 기대된다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.337-340
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether water soluble chitosan, a natural nontoxic chelator, can reduce fetal contamination of radiostrontium in pregnant mice. Various forms of water soluble chitosans (10% or 1% powder, or 1% solution) were given to pregnant mice before or after contamination of 0.005 uCi/B.W(g) Sr-85. Transplacental transfer of Sr-85 to fetus was $6.8{\pm}2.7%$ of injected dose, when Sr-85 was administered at the 20th day of pregnancy. Fetal radioactivity was significantly reduced when mother mice were treated with water soluble chitosan before contamination of Sr-85. Water soluble chitosans of 10% or 1% powder, or 1% solution significantly reduced fetal retention of Sr-85 to $2.3{\pm}0.7%$, $2.7{\pm}0.8%$, and $2.0{\pm}0.9%$, respectively. However, fetal contamination was not reduced, when water soluble chitosans of 10% or 1% powder, or 1% solution were administered after maternal contamination of Sr-85. From these data we can conclude that water soluble chitosan could reduce fetal contamination of radiostrontium in pregnant mice, when given before the pregnant mice were exposed to radiostrontium.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.85-92
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• 1996

Chitosan itself has been prepared using chitin, one of the most abundant compounds in nature, as a starting material. We have synthesized the water-soluble chitosan derivative, N-dithiocarboxy chitosan sodium salt, through the reaction of water-soluble chitosan with carbon disulfide in the presence of alkali metal hydroxide. To elucidate this natural polymer capacity of adsorbing heavy metal ions, we have performed adsorption experiments using the water-soluble chitosan derivative various average molecular weight and of different percent contents of sulfur. The effect of pH, adsorption time and temperature on adsorption efficiency was also studied. The adsorbent derived from water-soluble chitosan of average molecular weight ranging $9,000{\sim}120,000$ was shown to have the highest capacity of adsorbing heavy metal ions. On the whole, adsorbing efficiency was increased as the reaction time goes longer and also increased as the reaction temperture goes higer in temperture range of $15^{\circ}C{\sim}45^{\circ}C$. The adsorption capacity at various pH, however, was appeared to vary depending on the heavy metal ions studied Judging from these finding, water-soluble N-dithiocarboxy chitosan sodium salt, a derivative of a biodegradable nature polymer, is believed to be a potential adsorbent for heavy metal ions since it not only is shown to lower the concentration of heavy metal ions to below the drainage quality standard, but also it would not cause acidification and hardening of soil which is one of the detrimental effects of synthetic macromolecular adsorbents present.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권9호
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• pp.908-917
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• 2003

It has been proposed that oxidative modification of LDL (oxLDL) plays a significant role in the pathogenicity of atherogenesis. We tested the hypothesis that chitin and chitosan may function as antioxidants with respect to 0.1 mg cholesterol/ml LDL incubated with 5 $\mu$ M Cu$^2$$^{+}$alone or in the P338Dl mouse macrophage system using L-ascorbic acid as a standard classical antioxidant. The degree of oxLDL formation was ascertained by the relative electrophoretic mobility (rEM) in the combination of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels, and the cytotoxicity of oxLDL was detected by macrophage viability. The oxLDL uptake and foam cell formation of macrophages were measured by Oil Red O staining. Incubation with Cu$^2$$^{+}$and macrophages increased rEM of LDL and stimulated TBARS formation. Culture of macrophages with LDL in the presence 5 $\mu$ M Cu$^2$$^{+}$induced macrophage death. In cell-free system 200 $\mu$g/ml water-soluble chitosan and chitosan-oligosaccharide blocked oxLDL formation. Water-soluble chitosan and chitosan-oligosaccharide blocked oxLDL formation near-completely relative to L-ascorbic acid, whereas water-soluble chitin and chitin-oligosaccharide had no measurable antioxidant effect. In macrophage system water-soluble chitosan and chitosan-oligosaccharide blocked oxidation of LDL with a significant increase in cell viability, and decreased TBARS in medium. As for the inhibitory effect on macrophage foam cell formation, chitosan and its oligosaccharide, but not watersoluble chitin, revealed the effectiveness. The endothelial expression of lectin-like oxLDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) was tested by Western blot analysis, and chitosan, chitosan-oligosaccharide and chitin-oligosaccharide blocked LOX-1 expression. These results indicate that water-soluble chitosan and its oligosaccharide showed the inhibitory effect on Cu$^2$$^{+}$-induced LDL oxidation of macrophages, and chitosan, chitosan-oligosaccharide and chitin-oligosaccharide had blocking effect on oxLDL receptor expression in the human umbilical vein endothelial system. Thus, water-soluble chitosan and its oligosaccharides possess anti-atherogenic potentials possibly through the inhibition of macrophage LDL oxidation or endothelial oxLDL receptor expression depending on chemical types.l types.

• 폴리머
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.291-297
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• 2004

수용성 키토산의 농도와 가교제 (글루타알데히드)의 양을 변화시키면서 미네랄오일 내에서 키토산용액의 유화법에 의해 수용성 키토산 미세구를 제조하였다. 그러고 약물이 봉입되어진 수용성 키토산 미세구의 분해에 따른 형태의 변화, 약물의 봉입효율, 약물 방출 거동과 같은 물리화학적 특성을 규명하였다. Norfloxacion 이 봉입된 수용성 키토산 미세구는 표면의 약물에 의해 나타나는 과량의 약물 방출이 없는 높은 약물 봉입 함량을 보였다. 표면에 약물이 존재하지 않음을 선 회절 분석으로 확인하였다. 수용성 키토산 미세구의 분해 특성과 약물방출 거동을 관찰한 결과 가교제의 양이 약물의 봉입량, 방출, 그리고 분해에 중요한 역할을 하는 것을 확인하였다. 수용성 키토산 미세구는 가교제의 양이 증가함에 따라 분해속도가 느렸으며, 이와 동시에 약물이 천천히 방출되었음을 확인하였다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.195-202
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• 2003

Chitosan is known to have antibacterial, antitumorogenic, hypolipidemic and immunopotentiating activities, hence finding diverse uses as a component in varying functional foodstuffs. However, some investigators reported it caused mineral absoiption inhibition and excess coagulation. From the chemical viewpoint, conventional chitosans are high-molecule polymers lacking water solubility, which could be related with their possible toxicity. A newly developed low- molecule water soluble chitosan is thought to have low toxicity compared to conventional chitosans. But no investigation was carried out to evaluate its toxicity. In this study, a 28-day subacute oral toxicity study of the water-soluble chitosan was performed in Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes. Each 36 male and female rats were orally administered with 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg/day for 28 consecutive days, respectively. Clinical parameters (growth rate, feed and water consumption, daily inspection, urine analysis) during the 28 days indicated the water-soluble chitosan did not induce any abnonnal changes. There were no abnormal findings due to the administration of the test substance in gross and microscopic findings. We had not found alteration in absolute and relative organ weight between the control and treated groups, with only exception in the liver but lacking dose-dependency. The results of hematology and serum biochemistry examination revealed that no treatment related changes were between control and all dose groups. In conclusion, it was suggested that subacute toxicity of the water-soluble chitosan was low and the no-observed adverse effect level was considered to be over 2,000 mg/kg in rats.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.89-95
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• 1998

The aim of this study is to elucidate the anti-microbial activity and anti-oxidative activity of water-soluble chitosan with a molecular weight of 5,000-200,000. Water-soluble chitosans have demonstrated a regular anti-microbial activity on the tested strians by the paper disk method. In the MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) test, CC-01 (MW=5,000) with the lower MW showed the higher MIC value than the higher MW chitosan. The MW of chitosan increase, the MIC decreases. MICs of 4 chitosans(CC-02∼CC-05) against S. aureusTCC 65389, E coli ATCC 8739, p. aeruginosa, ATCC 9027 and C. albicans ,ATCC 10231 were 7.0-39.O$\mu\textrm{m}$, whereas MICs of chitosans against A. niger were over 2.OmM. Formula containing chitosan showed higher anti-microbial activities than the formula made with the chemical preservatives(Methylparaben 0.2％ and Imidazolidinyl Urea 0.3％). Among 5 water-soluble chitosans, CC-03(MW=92,163) showed the most potent anti-oxidative activity (IC$\sub$50/ : 0.2mM). In conclusion, the water-soluble low molecular weight chitosan could be served as natural preservatives and antioxidant in cosmetics.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.21-34
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• 2006

To investigate anti-HIV-1 activity of water soluble chitosans, sulfated chitosan derivatives were prepared in mild condition. Various sulfated chitosan derivatives (N-3,6-O-S-chitosan, N-desulfated 3,6-O-S-chitosan, 3,6-O-S-chitin, and 3,6-O-sulfated-N-(o-carboxybenzoyl) chitosan) were synthesized with sulfurtrioxidepyridene complex in pyridine solvent. Characterization of the sulfated chitosan derivatives was carried out by $^{13}C$ NMR and IR spectroscopies. To observe ionic reaction properties, pKas of the sulfated chitosan derivatives and chitosan of low molecular weight were estimated by potentiometric titration. The sulfated chitosan derivatives had high water solubility, pKas (pKa : 7.7) of N-3,6-O-S-chitosan and N-desulfated 3,6-O-S-chitosan were increased than pKa of water insoluble chitosan (pKa : 6.2), These results suggest the participation of electrostatic interaction of amino and sulfate groups on the sulfated chitosans. Anti-HIV-1 drugs, such as AZT, ddC, and ddI for anti-HIV activity had higher selective index compared with SCB-chitosan but N-3,6-O-S-chitosan has shown higher selective index compared with ddC and ddI as HIV drugs.. These results suggest that sulfated chitosan derivatives were expected as an anti-HIV drug with differential driving force mechanism against some nucleoside analogs drug in the future.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.242-248
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• 2000

수산물 가공시 흘러나오는 폐수 중에 함유되어 있는 수용성 단백질을 chitosan에 흡착시키기 위하여 albumin과 hemoglobin, albumin-myoglobin 혼합단백질을 이용하여 chitosan과의 흡착 및 chitosan 제조조건에 따른 흡착효과와 chitosan의 수용성 단백질 흡착에 미치는 인자를 살펴본 결과는 다음과 같다. Chitosan위 탈아세틸화 조건을 60, 70, 80%로 달리하여, albumin, hemoglobin, albumin-myoglobin 혼합용액에 적용했을때 chitosan의 탈아세틸화도가 높을수록 chitosan과 단백질 사이의 흡착률은 높게 나타났다. 초음파 처리에 의하여 chitosan의 분자량이 작을수록 chitosan과 단백질 사이의 흡착률은 높게 나타났다. pH변화에 따른 chitosan과 수용성 단백질의 흡착률은 albumin 및 albumin-myoglobin 혼합용액에서는 pH 4.0에서, hemoglobin용액에서는 pH 7.0에서 흡착률이 높게 나타났다 chitosan과 수용성단백질과의 흡착에서 반응시간은 albumin및 albumin-myoglobin 혼합용액에서는 4시간, hemoglobin용액에서는 3시간까지 흡착률이 증가하였고, 그 이후의 시간이 경화하여도 흡착률의 증가는 거의 보이지 않았다. 수용성 단백질 용액에 NaCl 농도를 0.1M에서 1.0M로 증가시켜 첨가했을때 염의 농도가 높을수록 chitosan과 단백질 사이의 흡착이 잘 일어나지 않았다.