• Korean Journal of Korean Medical Institute of Dermatology and Aesthetics
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.53-90
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• 2005

Purpose: Contents of astragaloside I, II and IV, cytotoxicity, anticancer activity, immunomodulatory activity and antioxidant capacity were to be compared as a function of the cultivated years as one, three, five and seven years. Method: Major components of Astragali membranacei Radix were separated as astragaloside I, astragaloside II, astragaloside IV by HPLC analysis. Cytotoxicity and anticancer activities were measured by MTT and SRB assay. For immunomodulatory activity, the secretion of IL -6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$, NK cell activation and macrophage activation were observed as well as kinetics of responding to human T cells by a microphysiometer. In vitro antioxidant activities were measured by several radical scavenging activities of superoxide anion radican, DPPH, LDL and linoleic acid. For in vivo activity, the activation of SOD, GSH-px, catalase, ALDH and ADH was measured as well the relative weight of liver. Result : 1. For HPLC analysis, the contents of all of astragaloside I, astragaloside II, astragaloside IV were in order of three, five, one and seven years. 2. The cytotoxicity of normal human lung cell line, HEL299 showed lower than 18% in adding 0.25 mg/ml, and 28.9% in adding 1.0 mg/ml of water extract of seven year root. For methanol extracts, three year root showed highest cytotoxicity as 35.2 % and there was no difference between the cultivated years. 3. For anticancer activities, methanol extracts of one and three year roots showed relatively high inhibition of human stomach cancer cells, AGS, breast cancer cells, MCF-7, lung cancer cells, A549 and liver cancer cell, Hep3B as well as high selectivities. 4. The water extract of seven year root could yield high secretion of IL-6 from both human Band T cells while the methanol extracts of three and five year roots secreted high amounts of IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ from both Band T cells. 5. As a result of in vitro antioxidant activities, both water and methanol extracts from five and seven year roots showed high activities for superoxide anion radical scavenging activity, inhibiting linoleic acid peroxide and contents of total phenols. 6. For in vivo tests, Mn-SOD and GSH-px activities and weight of liver were better in adding seven year root. For ALDH activity one year root was better and for ADH activity five year root. Overall speaking, seven year root showed relatively better antioxidant activities. Conclusion:There was difference of the contents of astragaloside I, astragaloside II, astragaloside IV according to cultivation year. Methanol extract showed better activities of anticancer and immune activation rather than water extract Interestingly enough, for methanol extracts, overall activities were improved as the cultivation year increased. There might be further investigation required for the clinical uses of the results as several biological activities varied according to the cultivated year of Astragali membranacei Radix.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.775-782
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the basic unit of irrigation water on golf courses in Jeju Island. The amounts of rainwater and groundwater used on 20 golf courses have been monitored for this study. The characteristics of rainwater and groundwater from the selected 20 golf courses were analyzed based on the existing data that had been collected for three consecutive years from 2006 to 2009. The range of monthly irrigation water (groundwater + rainwater) used was about $13,200\sim55,600\;m^3$/month, with average of $36,600\;m^3$/month. In the respects of the amount of annual water used, groundwater was recorded as $163,500\;m^3$/year, and rainwater was recorded as $275,400\;m^3$/year. Thus, the total annual irrigation water used was approximately $439,000\;m^3$/year. The correlation (R2) between golf course lot size and average amount of monthly irrigation water used was 0.65, and the monthly basic unit per golf course area ($1,000\;m^2$) was calculated as $60\;m^3$.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.51.4-51.4
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• 2019

We started a systematic observational study of the 22 GHz water and 44 GHz class I methanol masers in 87 high-mass young stellar objects (HM-YSOs) as a KaVA large program (LP). The primary goal is to understand dynamical evolution of HM-YSOs and their circumstellar structures by measuring spatial distributions and 3-dimensional velocity fields of multiple maser species. In the first-year observations (2016-2017), we made snap-shot imaging surveys of 25 water and 19 methanol maser sources. In the second-year observations (2018-2019), we have carried out monitoring observations of 19 water and 3 methanol maser sources that were selected on the basis of the first-year survey results. By combining follow-up observations with VERA (distances), JVN/EAVN (6.7 GHz methanol masers), and ALMA cycles 3 and 6 (thermal lines/continuum), we will provide novel information on physical properties (density, temperature, size, mass), 3D dynamical structures of disk/jet/outflow/infalling envelope, and relationship between evolutionary of HM-YSOs. In this presentation, we will report the current status and future plans of our KaVA large program.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.87-95
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• 1997

A river water quality management model was made by Dynamic programming. This model optimizes the wastewater treatment cost of the application area, and computed water quality with it must meet the water quality standard. And this model takes into consideration tributary input, wastewater treatment plant effluent, withdrawls for several purposes. Modified Streeter-Phelps equation was used to calculate BOD and DO. Optimization problem was solved with particular exceedance probability flow, and the water quality of each point was calculated with the decided treatment efficiencies. At that time, the probability satisfying the water quality standard of constraints to the exceedance probability of the flow. The developed model was applied to the lower part of the Han-River. The reliability to meet the water quality standard is 70 % when 4 wastewater treatment plants of Seoul City are operated by activated sludge system at autumn of the year 2001. Treatment cost of this case is 121.288 billion won per year.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.581-590
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• 2013

A research was performed for zero discharge system of waste water which is produced from energy recovery process of waste and biomass. Leachate and all kinds of waste water should be separated and integrated into three categories in addition to converting existing leachate treatment facility into waste water treatment facility as well as introducing a management system of reverse osmosis membrane facility and bioreactor landfill. Following these conditions to better water treatment process, it was likely to produce over 3,000 tons of low-grade recycling water and 2,000 tons of high-grade recycling water per day when zero discharge system of waste water is applied starting from 2016. Economical efficiency was also surveyed in total treatment fee. Present system costs 18,129 million won per year, and suggested zero discharge system would cost 15,789 million won per year.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.143-152
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• 2008

In order to share the understanding agricultural multifunctionality with people, we carried out quantification and monetary evaluation for controlling flood and fostering water resources function in paddy and upland farming in Korea. The amount of water controlling flood and fostering water resources function in paddy farming was much greater than that in upland. The quantification of flood control function could be estimated by sum of the height of dike and water infiltrated during the flooding periods in paddy farming, and water excepting runoff water from precipitation at flooding time in upland farming. As results of estimation of flood control function, the amounts of water controlling flood have been evaluated as $294mm\;year^{-1}$ in paddy farming and $72.6mm\;year^{-1}$ upland farming, and was calculated 3.71 billion MT on a nation basis in 2006. When it was carried out monetary estimation as the cost of dam construction and the depreciation expense by using replacement cost method, flood control functions in paddy and upland were evaluated as 44,338.9 and 7,221.5 billion won, respectively. Comparing with previous reports, monetary value was analyzed much to increase because of rising price cost recently. Fostering water resource functions were also quantified in paddy and upland farming as the amount of water keeping and infiltrating water during the cultivation. In the basis of estimation model, it was showed that paddy and upland farming had been estimated to have $414.28mm\;year^{-1}$, $18.7mm\;year^{-1}$, respectively. They were also calculated to 4.49 and 0.137 billion MT on a nation basis in 2006, respectively. The economic values of fostering water resources function in paddy and upland farming were also estimated to 1,769.4 and 52.8 billion won, respectively, as replacing the amount of water to the cost of drinking water in 2006. There were differences by much to the amounts of controlling flood function and fostering water resource between paddy and upland farming. It means that paddy farming more play an important role in environment than upland farming in Korea.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.1035-1043
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• 2009

High turbid water in the River has been one of the major concerns to the downstream residence. Especially in the Nakdong River basin severe turbid water problem occurred in year 2002 and 2003 due to the typhoon Rusa and Maemi consecutively. The main objective of this study is to develop turbid water management system in reservoir downstream of the Nakdong River combining physically based semi-distributed hydrologic simulation model SWAT with 1-dimensional dynamic water quality simulation model. SWAT model covers the area from the upstream of the Imha and Andong reservoir to the Gumi gage station for the purpose of estimating flow rates and suspended sediment of the tributaries. From year 1999 to 2007 runoff simulation for 8 years $R_{eff}$ and $R^2$ ranges $0.46{\sim}0.9$, $0.54{\sim}0.99$ respectively. Through the linkage of models, outputs of SWAT model such as suspended sediment and flow rates of the tributaries can be incorporated into the 1-dimensional dynamic water quality simulation model, KoRiv1 to support joint reservoir operation considering the turbidity released from Imha and Andong reservoir. The applicability of model simulation has been tested for year 2006 and compared with measured data.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.487-494
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• 2009

We compared spatial and temporal variations of water chemistry between high-flow year ($HF_y$) and low-flow year ($LF_y$) in an artificial lentic ecosystem of Daechung Reservoir. The differences in the rainfall distributions explained the variation of the annual inflow and determined flow characteristics and water residence time and modified chemical and biological conditions, based on TP, suspended solids, and chlorophylla, resulting in changes of ecological functions. The intense rainfall and inflow from the watershed resulted in partial disruption of thermal structure in the metalimnion depth, ionic dilution, high TP, and high suspended solids. This condition produced a reduced chlorophyll-a in the headwaters due to low light availability and rapid flushing. In contrast, reduced inflow and low rainfall by drought resulted in strong thermal difference between the epilimnion and hypolimnion, low inorganic solids, high total dissolved solids, and low phosphorus in the ambient water. The riverine conditions dominated the hydrology in the monsoon of $HF_y$ and lacustrine conditions dominated in the $HF_y$. Overall data suggest that effective managements of the flow from the watershed may have an important role in the eutrophication processes.

• Journal of Coastal Disaster Prevention
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.203-210
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• 2018

It is generally known that submerged breakwaters can reduce the incoming wave energy without disturbing the beach scenery. However, a submerged breakwater is also able to cause a setup of the sea level in the protected area which is also called as water piling-up. Since the piling-up can result in longshore currents, sediment transports, and unexpected beach erosion, understanding about the piling-up process is required prior to designing the nearshore structures. In this study, the water piling-up behind a submerged breakwater is assessed in the time of storm events. For the study area, Anmok beach in Gyeonso-dong, Gangwon-do is selected. 1-year, 5-year, 10-year, and 50-year return-values were derived from Peaks-Over-Threshold(POT) method and those are applied as offshore boundary conditions for the numerical simulation. The numerical results of the piling-up were assessed with regard to the wave steepness and the height of the submerged breakwater. With increase of both significant wave height and the height of the submerged breakwater, the piling-up parameter is also increased which can lead to erosion of dry beach behind the structure.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.95-105
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• 1993

The purpose of this study is to develop a multireservoir water balance model which may be used to evaluate rural water demands such as agricultural water, domestic water, industrial water and livestock water and to determine effective storage of reservoir. The model was verified to compare the observed reservoir release data with the simulated reservoir release data of the existing Munsan and Dongbu reservoirs located in the Gisan rural district for 3 years('87~'89). For model application, the effective storages of existing reservoirs(Munsan & Dongbu) were evaluated for 10-year frequency drought and that of newly planned reservoirs(Kumbok & Kudong) were determined for 10-year frequency drought. In addition, the behavior of effective storages for existing reservoirs were analyzed in the case of introducing new reservoirs in the existing system.